美利坚合众国宪法--中英对照版.pdf

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1、The Constitution of the United States of America 美利堅合眾國憲法 一七八七年九月十七日憲法會議通過 一七八九年四月三十日批准生效 We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings o

2、f liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 序文 我們美國人民，為了建立一個更完善的聯邦，樹立 公平的司法制度，保障國內的治安，籌設共同防 衛，增進全民福利，使我們自己和後代子孫，永享 自由的幸福，乃制定並確立了這一部美國憲法。 Article I Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress

3、of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 第一條立法 第一項（國會） 憲法所授予之立法權，均屬於參議院與眾議院所組 成之美國國會。 Section 2.Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state

4、 shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. 第二項（眾議院） 眾議院以各州人民每二年選舉一次之議員組織 之，各州選舉人應具該州眾議院議員選舉人所需之 資格。 No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the

5、United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 凡年齡未滿二十五歲，為美國國民未滿七年，及當 選時非其選出州之居民者，不得為眾議院議員。 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respecti

6、ve numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 眾議院議員人數及直接稅稅額應接美國所屬各州 人口分配之。各州人口，包括所有自由民及服役滿 相當期間之人，以及其他人民數額五分之三，但未 被課稅之印第安人不計算之。人口之統計，應於美 國國會第一次會議後三年內及此後每十年，依法律 of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths o

7、f all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty th

8、ousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,

9、 Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 之規定舉行之。議員人數以每三萬人中選出一人為 限，但每州最少應有議員一人。在舉行前項人口統 計前，新罕布什爾州(New Hampshire)得選出三人， 馬薩諸塞州(Massachusettes)八人，羅得島州(Rhode Island)及普洛威騰士墾植地(今羅得州之省會)一 人 ， 康涅狄克州(Connecticut)五人 ， 紐約州(New York) 六人，新澤西州(New Jers

10、ey)四人，賓夕爾法尼亞州 (Pennsylvania)八人，德拉瓦州(Delaware)一人，馬里 蘭州(Maryland)六人，佛吉尼亞州(Virginia)十人，北 卡羅來納州(North Carolina)五人，南卡羅來納州 (South Carolina)五人，喬治亞州(Georgia)三人。 When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 任

11、何一州所選議員中遇有缺額時，該州之行政機關 應頒布選舉令以補足該項缺額。 The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 眾議院應選定該院議長及其他職員；並唯眾議院有 提出彈劾之權。 Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the le

12、gislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. 第三項（參議院） 美國參議院由每州州議會選舉參議員二人組織 之，參議員任期六年，每一參議員有一表決權。 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the

13、first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the re

14、cess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 參議員於第一次選舉後集會時，應儘可能平均分為 三組。第一組參議員應於第二年年終出缺，第二組 參議員於第四年年終出缺，第三組參議員於第六年 年終出缺，俾每二年得有三分之一參議員改選。在 任何一州議會休會期間，參議員如因辭職或其他情 由而有缺額時，該州行政長

15、官得於州議會下次集會 選人補充該項缺額前，任命臨時參議員。 No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained 凡年齡未滿三十歲，為美國國民未滿九年，及當選 to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 時非其選出州之居民者，不得為參議員

16、。 The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 美國之副總統為參議院之議長，但除該院參議員可 否同票時，無表決權。 The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall

17、 exercise the office of President of the United States. 參議院應選舉該院之其他職員，遇副總統缺席或行 使美國總統職權時，並應選舉臨時議長。 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice sha

18、ll preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 唯參議院有審判一切彈劾案之權，審判彈劾案時， 全體參議員應宣誓或作代誓之宣言。美國總統受審 時，最高法院院長應為主席。非經出席參議員三分 之二之同意，不能判定任何人之罪責。 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualificatio

19、n to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 彈劾案之判決，以免職及剝奪享受美國政府榮譽或 有責任，或有酬金之職位之資格為限。但被定罪者 仍可受法律上之控訴、審訊、判決及處罰。 Section 4. The times,

20、places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 第四項（國會議員之選舉與國會之集會） 舉行參議員及眾議員選舉之時間、地點與方法，應 由各州州議

21、會規定之；但國會得隨時以法律制定或 修改此類規定， 關於選舉參議員之地點，不在此限。 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 國會每年至少應開會一次。除法律另定日期外，應 於十二月第一個星期一集會。 Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the electi

22、ons, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of 第五項（國會會議之進行） 各議院應自行審查各該院議員之選舉，選舉結果之 報告，及議員之資格。每院議員出席過半數即構成 each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such

23、manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 決議之法定人數。但不滿法定人數時得延期開會， 並得依照各該議院所規定之手續與罰則強迫缺席 之議員出席。 Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 各議院得規定各該院之議事規則，處罰各該院擾亂 秩序之議員，並得經

24、議員三分之二之同意，開除議 員。 Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be ente

25、red on the journal. 各議院應設置其議會之議事錄，並應隨時將其紀錄 刊布之，但各議院認為應守秘密之部分，不在此 限。各議員對於任何問題之贊成與反對投票，經出 席議員五分之一之請求，應載入紀錄。 Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sittin

26、g. 在國會開會期內，每議院如未經他議院之同意不得 延會三日以上，亦不得將兩議院之開會地點移於他 所。 Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be pr

27、ivileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 第六項（議員之權利） 參議員與眾議員應得服務報酬，由法律規定其數 額，並從美國國庫支付之。兩院議員，除犯有叛逆 罪、重罪及妨害治安之罪者外，在各

28、該院開會期間 及往返於各該院之途中，不受逮捕，各該院議員不 因其在議院內所發表之言論而於議院外受詢。 No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such t

29、ime: and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. 無論參議員或眾議員，於當選之任期內，均不得受 任為美國政府所新設或當時增加薪俸之任何文 官。凡在美國政府下供職之人，於其任職時不得為 國會議員。 Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but th

30、e Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills. 第七項（法案與決議案） 徵稅法案應由眾議院提出，但參議院對之有提議權 及修正權，與其對其他法案同。 Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shal

31、l sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent

32、, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against

33、 the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournm

34、ent prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 凡眾議院及參議院所通過之法案，於成為法律前， 應咨送美國總統，總統如批准該法案，應即簽署 之，否則應附異議書，交還提出法案之議院。該院 應將該項異議書詳載於議事錄，然後進行覆議。如 經覆議後，該院議員有三分之二人數同意通過該項 法案，應即將該法案及異議書送交其他一院，該院 亦應加以覆議，如經該院議員三分之二人數亦認可 時，該項法案即成為法律。但遇前項情形時，兩院 應以贊成與反對之人數表決，贊成或反對該項法案 之議員姓名並應登記於各該院之議事錄。如法案於 送達總統後十日內（星

35、期日除外）未經總統退還， 即視為總統簽署 ， 該項法案成為法律;惟國會因休會 致該項法案不獲交還時，該項法案不得成為法律。 Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shal

36、l take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 凡必須經參議院及眾議院同意之命令或決議或表 決，（休會之問題除外)應咨送美國總統。該項命 令或決議或表決於發生效力前，應經總統批准，如 總統不批准，應依照與法案有

37、關之規則與限制，由 參議院及眾議院議員三分之二人數再通過之。 Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the 第八項（國會之權限） 國會有左列各項權限： 一、 規定並徵收所得稅、間接稅、關稅與國產稅， United States; but all duties, imposts and excis

38、es shall be uniform throughout the United States; 用以償付國債，並籌劃合眾國之國防與公益。但所 徵各種稅收，輸入稅與國產稅應全國劃一。 To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 二、 以美國之信用借貸款項。 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; 三、 規定美國與外國、各州間及與印第安種族間 之通商。 To establis

39、h a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughhout the United States; 四、 規定全國一律之歸化法規及破產法。 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; 五、 鑄造貨幣，釐定國幣及外幣之價值，並規定 度量衡之標準。 To provide for the punis

40、hment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; 六、 制定關於偽造美國證券及通用貨幣之罰則。 To establish post offices and post roads; 七、 設立郵政局並建築郵政道路。 To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their resp

41、ective writings and discoveries; 八、 對於著作家及發明家保證某著作品及發明物 於限定期間內享有專利權，以獎進科學文藝。 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 九、 設立最高法院以下之法院。 To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; 十、 明定及懲罰在公海上所犯之海盜罪與重罪， 及違反國際法之犯罪。 To dec

42、lare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; 十一、 宣戰、頒發捕獲敵船許可證，並制定關於 陸海捕獲之規則。 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; 十二、 徵召並供應陸軍，但充作該項用途之預算， 不得超過二年。 To provide and maint

43、ain a navy; 十三、 設立並供應海軍。 To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; 十四、 制定陸軍海軍之組織及管理法則。 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; 十五、 規定招集國民兵以執行美國之法律，鎮壓 內亂，並抵禦外侮。 To provide for organizing

44、, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, 十六、 規定國民兵之組織、武裝與訓練，並指揮 管理受召而服務於美國之國民兵團，惟任命長官及 依照國會所定法律以訓練國民兵之權，由各州保留 之。 and the authority of tra

45、ining the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the Unite

46、d States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings; And 十七、 對於經州讓與且經國會承受，用充美國政 府所在地之區域（其面積不得超過十平方英里)行 使完全之立法權。對於經州議會許可而購得之

47、地 方，用以建築要塞、軍火庫、兵工廠、船廠及其他 必要之建築物者，亦行使同樣權利。 To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 十八、 為執行以上各項權力，或為執行本憲法授 予美

48、國政府或政府中任何機關或官員之權力，國會 得制訂一切必要而適當之法律。 Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importat

49、ion, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 第九項（禁止國會行使之權力） 現有任何一州所允准予移入或准予販入之人，在一 八八年之前，國會不得禁止之。但對於其入境， 得課以每人不超過十元之稅金。 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 人身保護令狀之特權不得停止之。惟遇內亂外患而 公共治安有需 要時，不在此限。 No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 公權剝奪令或溯及既往之法律不得通過之。 No capitation, or ot