第二十章-替代.doc

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date第二十章-替代第二十章 替代第二十章 替代替代（Substitution）和省略一样，是力求简洁，避免重复，连接上下文的手段，它是用替代词替代上文出现过的词语，从而避免重复使用某个或某些词。在英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词性替代（Nominal Substitution）、动词性替代（Verbal Substitution）和分句性替代（Clausal Substit

2、ution）。一、名词性替代用名词性替代词（Nominal Substitute）替代名词短语或其中心词。常用的名词性替代词有：1、用人称代词替代人称代词可作为作替代词，替代上文中的名词及其短语。例如：We love China. She is a great country. 我们热爱中国。她是一个伟大的国家。John and I may move to New York. We hear that the climate there is good. Both you and Nancy can go there by bus. You dont have to walk along wi

3、th us. That vase is valuable. Its more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。I love swimming. It keeps us fit. 我喜欢游泳，它能使我们保持健康。Whats this? 这是什么？Its a pen. 是一支钢笔。If you see Mary, please give her this book. 如果你见到，把这本书给她。I am going to visit the old man; from him I once learned English. 我要去拜访一位曾经教过我英语的

4、老人。2、用物主代词替代Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是伟大的国家。His dictionary is English-Chinese, but mine is English-English. 他的词典是英汉的，我的是英英的。We each bought a new book. Yours is about management and mine is about the American history. 我们一人买了一本书。你的是关于管理的，我的是关于美国历史的。I dont like my own bicycle. I like his. 我不喜欢我自己的

5、自行车，我喜欢他的。These are not his belongings, they are mine. 这些不是他的财物，是我的。3、用指示代词替代1）this或these代替前面离它较近的名词，that或those代替离它较远的名词。Work and rest are both necessary for us; this is for better work and that is for revolution. 工作和休息对于我们都很必要，一方面是为了更好的工作，另一方面是为了革命。Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so mu

6、ch happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不象健康那样给人们带来幸福。2）有时为了避免重复提到前面出现过的名词，可用that或those代替。如：that替代指物的单数可数名词或不可数名词，相当于the one。替代单数可数名词时，that只替代“the单数名词”，不可替代“a单数名词”， 后面也要求有限定性的后置定语。例如：This book is not so interesting as that I read yesterday. 这本书不象我昨天读的那本书有趣。The pen you bought is more beautiful than that I

7、 bought. 你买的那支钢笔比我买的漂亮。The engine of your car is better than that of his. 你汽车的引擎比他的要好。His life was that of a great revolutionary fighter. 他的一生是伟大革命战士的一生。The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one. 粗电线的电阻比细电线的小。The music by Schubert is as tuneful as that by Beethoven. 舒伯特的音乐与贝多芬

8、的一样音调和谐。The victims own blood was of a different blood group from that found on the floor. 受害者自己的血液与地板上发现的是不同的血型。The best coal is that from Newcastle. 最佳的煤炭来自纽卡斯尔。The output of steel this year will be twice as much as that of last year. 今年的钢产量将是去年的两倍。The climate here is just as good as that of Beiji

9、ng. 这里的气候跟北京的一样好。The area of the sea is about two and one half times that of the land. 海洋的面积是陆地面积的二点五倍。The air of the hills is cooler than that of the plains. 山上的空气比平原的空气凉。No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 自己劳动所得的面包最香甜。Few pleasure can equal that of a cool drink on a

10、 hot day. 很少能有乐趣比得上在炎热的天喝一杯凉快的饮料。In the case of reflection, the angle at which the ray of light struck the mirror was exactly the same as that at which it came off after reflection. 就反射来说，光线照在镜子上的角度正好和反射后光离开镜子的角度一样。Our tea is of a better quality than that which the buyers imported from other origins

11、.我们的茶比买家从其它来源进口的质量好。those替代可数名词，可指人，也可指物，相当于the ones。后面也要求有限定性的后置定语。例如：The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor. 富人的房子一般比穷人的大。The results obtained agree approximately with those expected. 所得到的结果几乎和所料的一致。The text is more difficult than those we have learnt before. 这篇课文比我们以前学

12、过的要难。The television sets made in our factory are just as good as those made in Shanghai. 我们厂生产的电视机和上海的一样好。A poet must not write The book is more difficult than those we have before .for the ages past, but for that in which he lives and those which are to follow. 一个诗人不应为过去的时代而写作，而因为他生活的时代以及将来的时代而写作。I

13、n China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong who regard the language as a first or a second language. 在中国，除了那些在香港把英语作为一或第二种语言以外，学生在学校学英语作为一门外语。The computers in your office are more advanced than those in our school. 你办公室的计算机比我们学校的先进。His last two books

14、 are a great success as compared with those he wrote earlier.他的最后两本书与他早些写的相比是个巨大成功。4、用不定代词替代1）one是最常用的替代词，用来替代单数可数名词；ones是one 的复数形式，替代复数可数名词。它们可以指人，也可指物，一般带有限定词和修饰语，和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象，所替代的名词词组中心词的数可以不一致。例如：If you want to hear a joke. Ill tell you a good one. 如果你想听笑话，我给你讲个好听的。This problem is a diff

15、icult one. 这个问题是个不好解决的问题。This coat is too small for him; He wants to buy a bigger one. 这件大衣他穿太小，他要大一点的。Anna bought a cotton dress and a silk one.安娜买了一条棉的连衣裙和一条丝的。This film is not so good as the one we saw last week. 这部电影没有我们上周看的那部好。The new designs are much better than the old ones. 这些新的图样比旧的好得多。Give

16、 Betty the red cup and take the blue one for yourself. 给贝蒂一个红杯子，你自己拿个蓝杯子。Try to compare the new edition with the old one. 将新版本与老版本比较一下。This room and the one upstairs are well furnished.这个房间和楼上的那个布置得很好。Our new model is superior compared to the old one in energy saving. 我们的新款式在节约能源方面要优于旧款。He is the on

17、e to be trusted. 他是个可信赖的人。Hand me my coat. It is the one hanging on the third hook. 把我的上衣拿给我，挂在第三个钩上的那一件。If you want to buy an electric heater, you may be interested in this one in the window.This brand is more popular than that one in European market. 这个品牌在欧洲市场上比那个更受欢迎。Is this museum the one you pa

18、id a visit to last week? 这个展览馆是你们上周参观的那个吗？There are good films as well as bad ones.有好影片也有坏影片。This chapter is much longer than the preceding ones. 这个章节比之前的长。He likes yellow roses instead of red ones. 他喜欢黄色玫瑰，而不是红玫瑰。There are only hard chocolates left; weve eaten all the soft ones. 只有硬的巧克力留下了，我们把软的都吃了

19、。My shoes are similar to the ones you had on yesterday. 我的鞋子与你昨天穿的很相似。I dont like colored envelopes. I like white ones. 我不喜欢花信封，我喜欢白的。Small apples are more expensive than small ones. 大的苹果比小的苹果贵。There was a mother bird in the nest and four young ones. 鸟窝里有一只母鸟和四只雏鸟。Of all Byrons poems, she likes the

20、ones that were concerned with love. 在所有拜伦的诗中，她喜欢有关爱情的诗。Your cheap camera seems just as good as my expensive one. 你的这台便宜的照相机和我的那台贵的似乎一样好。one单独使用时，不带前置定语，但可带后置定语。例如：I cant find my pen. I think I must buy one. 我找不到我的钢笔了。我想我该去买一支。There are plenty of apples here. Take one. 这里有很多苹果。吃一个。He had not bred a m

21、usician, and he had no inclination to become one. 他未曾受过音乐家的教育，他也不想成为音乐家。I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one. 我希望有足够的被子，每个客人有一只。Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, one I will always treasure. 这么多岁月后遇见我的叔叔是令人难忘的时刻，一个我将铭记的时刻。Im having a drink. Woul

22、d you like one too? 我要喝一杯。你也来一杯？Im looking for a flat. Id like one with a garden. 我正在找一套公寓，我想要一个带花园的。A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood. 石桥比木桥坚固。His life was one devoted to the cause of the liberation. 他的一生是贡献给解放事业的一生。After he lost his old dictionary, he bought one which had be

23、en strongly recommended by a friend. 他丢了旧词典后，买了一本一个朋友极力推荐的词典。A good writer is one who can express the common place in an uncommon way. 好的作者能以不平凡的手法表达平凡的事。a one只能用在“tooto”等结构中，或作其它意义解释。例如：The subject is too vast a one to be treated in an article of this length. 这个选题太大，不能在这样篇幅的论文里论述。He is a one. 他这人真怪

24、。He is a one for basketball. 他是个篮球迷。2）one和ones的省略问题前面有形容词（包括first，last，next等）带定冠词时，one或ones可用可不用。例如：That blue pencil belongs to Owen. Mine is the pink (one). 那支蓝铅笔是欧文的。我的是粉红色的。This house is bigger than my last (one). 这所房子比以前我住的房子要大。Hes never again written so good a novel as his first (one). 他再也没有写出与

25、第一部一样好的小说。Lets finish this exercise so we can go on to do the next (one). 咱们做完这个练习，我们好继续做下一道。There were two sorts of dictionaries in the bookstore; he only bought the cheaper (one). 书店里有两种字典，但他只买了便宜的那种。Of all those sisters, Vanessa is the most beautiful (one). 在所有那些姐妹中，瓦妮莎是最美的。This book is the most

26、difficult (one) Ive ever read. 这本书是我读过中最难的一本。If you offer Wade cookies, he will take a handful of the biggest (ones). 如果你给维德甜饼，他会拿一把最大的。Tony said that his hunting dog was the fastest (one). 托尼说他的猎狗是跑得最快的。one或ones的前置定语是this，these，that，those，either，neither，another，the last, the next，the former，the lat

27、ter，which等限定词时，one或ones可用可不用。例如：Few people are so self-confident as this (one). 很少人象这个人那么自信。This book is much better than that (one). 这本书比那本好得多。It doesnt matter, either (one) will suit me. 没关系，随便哪一个都适合我。Neither (one) is satisfactory. 两个都不令人满意。You can take this one; Ill keep another (one). 你可以拿这一个，我拿

28、另一个。Some of your answers were correct, but I do not remember which (ones). 你有些回答是正确的，但我记不清是哪些。Of these alternatives I prefer the former (one). 在这两者之间我愿选择前者。other ones可由others替代。As soon as you learn these dance steps, I will show you some others(=other ones). 你一学会这些舞步，我就教你一些其他的。前置定语是own、基数词或序数词时，一般不用

29、one和ones。例如：Do you rent the house or is it your own? 这房子是你租的还是你自己的呢？ Thank you for offering me your pen, but I prefer to use my own. 谢谢你把你的钢笔给我，但我愿意用我自己的。You have three English reference books, but I have only two. 你有三本英语参考书，我只有两本。Vita sat in the second row, and Adam sat in the eighth. 维达坐在第二排，亚当坐在第

30、八排。3）其他一些不定代词如all、both、some、any、enough、several、none、many、much、more、(the ) most、(a) few、another、the other、others、neither、either等也可用作替代词。例如：I gave him five 500 yuan. But he spent all only in one day. 我给了他500元，但他仅一天就用光了。He lent me two books. Both were worth reading. 他借了我两本书，两本都值得读。I dont have a diction

31、ary but Im going to buy some. 我还没有字典，但我正打算买几本。Many children learn to read quite quickly, but some need special instruction. 许多孩子迅速学会了读，但有一些需要特别指导。Ive bought some new books. Have you bought any? 我买了几本新书。你买了没有？ You told me there were three pictures by Van Gogh in the exhibition. But I didnt see any.I

32、dont want any more food. Ive had enough. 我不想再要吃的了。我已经饱了。Do you have a pen? 你有钢笔吗？Yes, I have several. 有，我有几支。Some people are playing badminton over there. Many are fond of this sport. 一些人在那儿打羽毛球。许多人喜欢这项运动。Around 100 people were invited to the party, but only few came. 大约100来人被邀请参加聚会，但没几个人来。If you li

33、ked that sweet, have another. 要是你喜欢那种糖，就再吃一颗吧！This book is mine and the other is Adrians. 这本书是我的，另一本是艾德里安的。Some girls go in for sports, while others like singing and dancing. 一些女孩喜爱运动，而另一些人则喜欢唱歌跳舞。Ten students were praised at the meeting. Each has made rapid progress in the English studies. 十位学生在会议上

34、受到表扬。每个人在英语学习上都取得了快的进步。He bought me two pairs of trousers. I liked neither. 他给我买了两条裤子，两条我都不喜欢。If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 如果你同时追赶二只野兔以后，你一只抓不到。Here are two dictionaries, and you can take either. 这里有两本词典，你可以任意挑选。5、用其他名词性替代词替代the kind，the sort，the same，the former，the latter等也可用

35、作替代词。例如：Chinese food is not the same as the Japanese kind. 中国食品与日本食品是不一样的。Classical music is not the sort I like best. 古典音乐不是我最喜欢的。Cornell ordered two fried eggs. I ordered the same. 康奈尔点了二个煎蛋。我点了同样的。These apples are just as sour as the last ones we had. They taste the same. 这些苹果和我们上次吃的一样酸。它们味道一样。Th

36、e mother clean the room and her child did the same. 母亲打扫房间，孩子也跟着干。Yesterday I felt under the weather, and today I feel the same. 昨天我有点不爽，今天同样感觉。Charles is now an actor. Given half a chance I would have been the same. 查尔斯现在是演员。给一半机会我同样会是。Nick sounded rather regretful. 尼克听起来很后悔。Yes, Emma sounded the s

37、ame. 是的，埃玛听起来也是。Id like a cup of tea. 我要一杯茶。Id like the same with milk but without sugar. 我要相同的，但不要加糖。Of the two books, the former is better than the latter. 这两本书中，前一本好于后一本。Brandon and Basil are twins, but the former is taller than the latter. 布兰登和巴泽尔是孪生兄弟，但前者比后者高。二、动词性替代所谓动词性替代，就是用do或do so来替代动词或动词短

38、语。1、do用来代替前面出现过的动词或动词加其他成分。例如：Did you see the movie? 你看过那部影片了吗？Yes, I did. 是的，我看过了。I like Jack London very much. 我非常喜欢杰克伦敦的作品。I do too. 我也喜欢。I know you better than he does. 我比他更了解你。He talks as a child does. 他说话跟小孩一样。He speaks English as fluently as you do. 他英语说得和你一样流利。Who broke the cup? 谁把杯子打碎了？Erin

39、 did. 艾琳打碎的。Have you finished your work? 你完成你的工作了吗？Yes, I did yesterday. 是的，昨天完成了。The production increases as it has done for the last few years. 同过去几年一样，产量上升了。The door was falling to pieces. The windows were doing too. 门破成了碎片。窗子也是。The children are watering in the garden. 孩子们在院子里浇水。They should do. 他

40、们应当干。Has he finished his homework? 他有没有完成作业？He might have. 可能已经完成了。Use a book as a bee does a flower. 使用书要象蜜蜂利用花一样。They finished their task ahead of time as we did ours. 同我们一样，他们也提前完成了任务。She plays the piano better than she does the guitar.Linda studies modern history and doesnt do modern literature.

41、 琳达学现代史，不学现代文学。Does she do ancient history, too? 她也学古代史吗？2、do so代替句中出现过的动词所表示的动作。例如：She said she would go with us, but she didnt do so. 她说她要和我们一切去，但她没有。He told me to open the door, and I did so as quietly as possible. 他要我打开门，我便尽量轻轻的门开了。Have you written the letter? 那封信你写了吗？I will do so immediately, s

42、ir. 我马上就写，先生。Just finish off whats left of the work. And let me know when youve done so. 把剩下的活干完，并告诉我什么时候已经干完了。Have you visited her? 你看过她了吗？Yes, I have done so many times. 是的，有好多次了。At last she divorced Stephen. It was a pity she had not done so earlier. 最后她与斯蒂芬离了婚。遗憾的是她没有和他早点离婚。Lena is crying for ch

43、ocolate in the kitchen. 莉娜在厨房里吵着要巧克力。Yes, but Porter isnt doing so. 是的，但波特不在吵。The soldiers were making their rounds. When asked why they were doing so, one of them replied: “Ordersare orders.” 士兵们在巡逻。问及他们为什么要这样做，其中一人回答：“命令就是命令。”Dick can jump over the fence. 迪克能跳过这个栅栏。Im not sure whether David can do

44、 so. 戴维能不能，我没把握。The professor tasted the mixture and he wanted us to do so. 教授尝了混合剂，他也要我们试一试。He had promised to pay, but failed to do so. 他答应过付款，但没付。If we make no allowances for others, how can we expect them to do so for us. 如果我们不体谅别人，如何能期待别人体谅我们呢？Beck hunts rabbits. 贝克总是猎野兔。Yes, I have noticed him

45、 doing so. 是的，我已注意到了。As no one else has succeeded in doing so, I shall attempt to solve the mystery myself. 因为没有其他人成功解决，我将试着自己解决这个迷。They decided not to go. To do so would have made things very difficult. 他们决定不去了。要是去了情况就非常不妙了。1）do与so用在一起，可构成“sodo主语”和“so主语do”这两个句型。在“sodo主语”句型中，主语和谓语需倒装，表示前句所述的肯定情况也适用于

46、另外一个人或另外一物。其中的so作“也这样；也如此”解。例如：He likes fish. So do I. 他喜欢吃鱼。我也喜欢。She bought a beautiful skirt in the shop yesterday. So did I. 她昨天在商场买了一条漂亮的裙子。我也买了一条。My father enjoys watching TV, and so does my mother. 我父亲喜欢看电视，我母亲也喜欢看。The student went to the farm last week, and so did the teachers. 上星期学生们去了农场，老师们

47、也去了。“so主语do”这两个句型表示说话者赞同前句所提到的情况或事实，其中的so作“不错；确实如此”解。例如：You like playing football. 你喜欢足球。So I do. 正是如此。Li Ping speaks English very well. 李平英语讲得很好。So he does. 他确实讲得不错。She looks hungry. 她看上去饿了。So she does. 她看上去是饿了。You have to start early. 你得早点出发。So we do. 确是这样。Father, you promised. 父亲，你答应的。Well, so I did. 哦，我确实答应的。Mr. Harris lost a lot of money in his business. 海利斯先生做生意亏了很多钱。So he did. 他确实亏了不少钱。 You say he works hard; so he does, and so do you. 你说他很努力，对，他确实很努力，你也一样。2）do so有时可与do that和do it交替使用