经济学人注解.doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上TO EXTERMINATE to kill large numbers of people or animals of a particular type so that they no longer exist a living species by accident is normally frowned on frown on/upon somebody/somethingto disapprove of someone or something, especially someones behaviour. To do so deliberately don

2、e in a way that is intended or planned=on purpose,intentionally might thus as a result of something that you have just mentioned! In spoken English it is more usual to use so.Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty. seem an extraordinary

3、 very unusual or surprising sin a sin something that you think is very wrongTheres so much lovely food here, it would be a sin to waste it. But if that species isPlasmodium falciparum 恶性疟原虫, the sin may be excused. This parasitic living in or on another plant or animal and getting food from them org

4、anism an animal, plant, human, or any other living thing:All living organisms have to adapt to changes in environmental conditions.causes the most deadly form of malaria 疟疾. Together with four cousins, it is responsible for about 450,000 deaths a year, and the ruination a process in which someone or

5、 something is ruined, or the cause of this often used humorously of the lives of millions more people who survive the initial crisis a time when a personal emotional problem or situation has reached its worst point of disease. Besides the direct suffering this causes, the lost human potential is eno

6、rmous. The Gates Foundation, an American charity, reckons to guess a number or amount, without calculating it exactlyWe reckon that sitting in traffic jams costs us around $9 billion a year in lost output.that eradicating malaria would bring the world $2 trillion of benefits by 2040.Malaria is one o

7、f the worst examples of the damage that transmissible diseases can wreak wreak havoc/mayhem/destruction (on something) to cause a lot of damage or problemsThese policies have wreaked havoc on the British economy. But it is not alone. AIDS carries off take by forceThieves carried off the farmers shee

8、p during the night fit（adjective）someone who is fit is strong and healthy, especially because they exercise regularly, young adults by the millions and tuberculosis 肺结核 by the hundreds of thousands. Measles, whooping cough and diarrhoea together kill over 1m children a year. Parasitic worms and mosq

9、uito-borne water-borne/sea-borne/air-borne etccarried by water, the sea, air etc: waterborne diseases viruses like dengue, though they take relatively few lives, debilitate to make someone ill and weak many.Campaigns have brought bring down to make something move in a particular directionbring somet

10、hing up/down/round etcBring your arm up slowly until its level with your shoulder.The storm brought the old oak tree crashing down. the toll the number of people killed or injured in a particular accident, by a particular illness etc:The death toll has risen to 83.The bombings took a heavy toll, kil

11、ling hundreds of Londoners. down heroically heroic：on a heroic scale/of heroic proportions：very large or great. As recently as 2000, malaria killed around 850,000 people a year; likewise, since 2000 deaths from measles have fallen by 75%, to around 150,000. These successes are to be celebrated, but

12、an even greater prize exists: to go beyond go beyond to be much better, worse, more serious etc than something else controlling infections a disease that affects a particular part of your body and is caused by bacteria or a virus and infestations infest if insects, rats etc infest a place, there are

13、 a lot of them and they usually cause damage and instead to eradicate some of them completely, by exterminating the pathogens 病菌，病原体 and parasites a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant or animal and gets food from it that cause them. That has been accomplished a couple of times in the

14、past, for smallpox a serious disease that causes spots which leave marks on your skin (a human disease) and rinderpest (a cattle disease similar to measles). The end is reckoned to be close for polio (a virus that once killed and crippled millions) and dracunculiasis (a parasitic worm). But more mus

15、t follow.SWAT team SWAT teamSpecial Weapons and Tactics teama specially trained group of police who deal with the most dangerous and violent situationsSome diseases are not suitable for eradication because the organisms that cause them hang around in the environment, or have other animal hosts. Othe

16、rs, such as tuberculosis, can infect people “silently”, without causing symptoms, so are invisible to doctors. But sometimes the culprit the reason for a particular problem or difficultyHigh production costs are the main culprit. is a poverty of poverty of：a lack of a particular quality ambition. A

17、list of five plausible reasonable and likely to be true or successful targetsmeasles, mumps, rubella, filariasis and pork tapewormhas hardly changed since the early 1990s, yet yet：used to introduce a fact, situation, or quality that is surprising after what you have just saidKelly was a convicted cr

18、iminal, yet many people admired himShe does not speak our language and yet she seems to understand what we say.an inexpensive yet effective solution to our problem measles, mumps and rubella are all the subjects of intensive vaccination campaigns that could easily be converted into ones of eradicati

19、on. And even though Swaziland is poised to completely ready to do something or for something to happen, when it is likely to happen soonpoised to do somethingSpain was poised to become the dominant power in Europe. become the first malaria-free country in sub-Saharan Africa (see article), only a few

20、 dare to make explicit explicit make explicitexpressed in a way that is very clear and direct the goal of ridding the planet of the disease. Hepatitis C should be made a target, too. It kills half a million a year, and affects rich and poor countries alike, yet new drugs against it are almost 100% e

21、ffective and there are no silent carriers. Eradicating these seven diseasesthe five, plus malaria and hepatitis Cwould save a yearly total of 1.2m lives. It would transform countless more.People argue argue：to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true, should be done etc that the cost of c

22、hasing down chase down：to find something or someone that you have been looking for the last few last few最后几个 cases case：an example of a disease or a person who has a disease of a disease is not worth it. If the mass-vaccination campaigns under way can lower the incidence incidence：the number of time

23、s something happens, especially crime, disease etc of measles, mumps, rubella and so on in poor countries to something close to rich-world levels, the argument goes, that is surely good enough.Well, it isnt. A disease can bounce back bounce back：to feel better quickly after being ill, or to become s

24、uccessful again after failing or having been defeated. That is what malaria did in the 1960s, when political attention waned wane：if something such as power, influence, or a feeling wanes, it becomes gradually less strong or less important, and the parasites that cause it evolved evolve：if an animal

25、 or plant evolves, it changes gradually over a long period of time resistance to drugs and the mosquitoes that spread it evolved resistance to insecticides insecticide：a chemical substance used for killing insects.Three big improvements underpin underpin：to give strength or support to something and

26、to help it succeed the argument for throwing eradications net more widely. The first is better communications. The technology for locating and monitoring cases of disease in poor countries, even when few and far between few and far between：not happening very often or not existing in many places, has

27、 improved immeasurably in the past two decades with the spread of mobile phones and the internet, and the expansion of road networks.The second is better medical technology. The reason filariasis is on the “possibles” list, for example, is the invention of ivermectin, a drug that kills the worm whic

28、h causes it. The inventors of this drug won half of this years Nobel prize for medicine (see article). The other half was won by the woman who came up with come up with：to think of an idea, answer etc an answer to drug resistance in malariaa medicine called artemisinin, which has been crucial to the

29、 success of the recent push against the disease. (This time, alert to alert to：be alert to somethingto know about or understand something, especially a possible danger or problemThe authorities should have beenalert to the possibility of invasion. the risk of resistance, doctors have formulated it w

30、ith other drugs to create combination therapies therapy the treatment of an illness or injury over a fairly long period of time that natural selection finds hard to get around get around：to avoid something that is difficult or causes problems for youI think we should be able to get around most of th

31、ese problems.She was always very clever at getting around the rules.)Even better technology is in the pipeline be in the pipeline ：if a plan, idea, or event is in the pipeline, it is being prepared and it will happen or be completed soonMore job losses are in the pipeline. In the case of mosquito-bo

32、rne illnesses such as malaria and dengue, genetic engineering promises promise：to tell someone that you will definitely do or provide something or that something will happen ways of making the insects resistant to the pathogens that they pass on to people, of crashing the mosquito population, and ev

33、en of attacking insects and pathogens with genetically modified fungi and bacteria. Genetic engineering also promises a wide range of new vaccines.The third reason for seeking eradication is a change in political attitudes. The emergence of AIDS, in particular, made governments everywhere sit up sit

34、 up：sit up (and take notice)to suddenly start paying attention to someone, because they have done something surprising or impressive: and take notice. Last years west African outbreak of Ebola only reinforced the message. Political attention leads to better medical infrastructure infrastructure：the

35、basic systems and structures that a country or organization needs in order to work properly, for example roads, railways, banks etc:Some countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure.a $65 billion investment package in education, health care and infrastructure. To deal with AIDS, new networks of

36、 clinics were created and staffed with trained personnel personnel：the people who work in a company, organization, or military force. These can serve as serve as：to be useful or helpful for a particular purpose or reason the backbone backbone：the backbone of somethingthe most important part of an or

37、ganization or group of people: of the campaigns that would be the starting-point for many extermination programmes.The Dalek doctrine The Dalek doctrine：宿敌主义，宿敌（Dalek）是英国科幻电视剧神秘博士系列1的第6集，在这集中，Dalek是主角博士的毕生对手。文章是将病毒和寄生虫比喻为人类的宿敌。doctrine：a set of beliefs that form an important part of a religion or sy

38、stem of ideasMarxist doctrineThe list of candidates candidate candidate for：someone or something that is likely to experience or get something for such programmes should be extended as and when as and when：as it is necessary and when it is necessarycircumstances change. The biggest prize might be AI

39、DS itself. Smallpox, the first target for eradication, was picked in part in part：to some degree, but not completely because the virus that caused it had only humans as hosts and could not survive independently for more than a few hours. It had, in other words, no hiding place. Both of these are tru

40、e of HIV, the AIDS-causing virus. What is missing is the third ingredient ingredient：a quality you need to achieve something for smallpox: a reliable vaccine.Throughout history, humans and disease have waged wage：to be involved in a war against someone, or a fight against somethingwage war (on someb

41、ody/something)The police are waging war on drug pushers in the city. a deadly and never-ending war. Today the casualties are chiefly the worlds poorest people. But victory against some of the worst killers is at last within grasp within somebodys grasp：your ability to achieve or gain somethingAn agreement to end the war seemed within their grasp.beyond somebodys graspMany families are finding suitable housing beyond their grasp. Seize it.专心-专注-专业