2022年定语从句的应用与归纳.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载定语从句的归纳 一几个基本概念1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句；2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的 名词或代词 ；3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后；4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）； 1 关系代词： that/who/whom/which/as 2 关系副词： when/where/why 5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）；【 as除外】6.引导词的功能（作用） ： 1 连接先行词和定语从句； 2 在定语从句中充当肯定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语

2、）；7.定语从句的类型： 1 限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）； 直接由引导词引导定语从句The man who youre talking to is my friend. 由介词 +关系代词（ whom/which ）引导The man to whom youre talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter. =I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. 介词的选用可依据从句中的相关词组确定 从句之尾；例如：,该介词通常可以放在

3、关系代词之前,也可放在The man who/whom/that I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University. =The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. The palace which/that I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century. =The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17t

4、h century. 2 非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）； 直接由引导词引导定语从句； 由介词 +关系代词（ whom/which ）引导；I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree. There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples. This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由“ 代词 /名词 +of+whom/which ” 或“of wh

5、ich/ whom + 名词 /代词”先行词指人用 whom, 指物用 which 引导； One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either 等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom 或 of which 连用；He has five children, two of whom are abroad. 比较： He has five children, and two of them are abroad. We have three books, none of which is/are interes

6、ting. 比较： We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting. 除 why 和 that 不能引导非限定性定语从句 一样；但要留意以下区分；外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开；2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情形,翻译时可译成两个句子；The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was qu

7、ickly sent to hospital. （那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤）The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital. （那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）3.在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在 内）；指人做主语时只能用 who, 做宾语时用 whom; 指物做主语,宾语都用 which; 关系副词用 when 或 where,也不能省略；The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is my father.

8、The woman, _ I met yesterday, is my English teacher. The city, _ is far away, is very beautiful. He went to America, _ his parents live. He joined the Army yesterday, _ I left, too. 4.whose 引导非限定性定语从句：The house, whose window faces south, is mine. =The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.

9、 The house, of which the window faces south, is mine. 二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法；1.who/that 指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略；Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there. 2.whom/who/that 指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介 宾）； 当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时,关系代词可省略；Do you know the gentleman whom/who/that we met just n

10、ow. 当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：介词不提前时,关系代词可省略；介词提前时,关系代词不行省,即介词whom 指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom；The man whom/who/that I spoke with is my teacher. The man with whom I spoke is my teacher. 注：固定的动词短语（动词 介词不能提至引导词前；+介词）如 look for, take care of 等不能把动词与介词拆开,既She is the right girl who/whom/that we are looking for. 3.whose: 指人或物

11、,是全部格“ 的” 形式；（动宾或介宾）即先行词的什么东西怎样了,which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n. Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语 whose 不能省略；Whose+n. = the +n. + of I didn t find the desk whose leg was broken. （主语）He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （动宾）The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介宾）4.which/that 指物,指代

12、先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）； 当作动宾时,关系代词可省略； 当作介宾时：介词不提前时,关系代词可省略；名师归纳总结 介词提前时,关系代词不行省,即介词which 指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which ；第 2 页,共 8 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak. The pen which/that you found yesterday is mine. The games that/which

13、 the young men competed in were difficult. The games in which the young men competed were difficult. 注 :介词 +关系代词即介词 +whom/which 先行词指人用 whom,指物用 which ； 5.as 指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语,不能省略；主要用于“ the same as ； such as ； so as ； as as ； as follows ” 固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句；要用 as代替 whom, which, 或 that 引导定

14、语从句：Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest. Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest. My hometown is no longer the same as it was. Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. The child knows as much as grow-ups know. d like to have the same books as are used in your school. I He is not

15、such a person as I expected. He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find. 注： which 和 as 可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which 和 as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换； 因此,当 as/which指代前面的整个句子,或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper. She was terrified, as/which

16、I could see from her eyes. He married her, as/which was natural. 区分：as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而 which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面；He married her, as/which was natural. =As was natural, he married her. Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all. =As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great

17、writer. as 引导的从句有“ 正如”、“ 正像” 之意,而which 就无此意；常用句型有：as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know 等；如：As we all know, paper was first made in China. To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. 主句和从句有因果关系时,用 which

18、. Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy. Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. 从句含否定意义经常用 which. She didnt pass the exam, which we couldnt expect.She didnt pass the exam, as we expected.6.when 关系副词：指时间；在定语从句中作时间状语,不能省略；此时的 when 仍可用介词+which 替换（此时先行词肯定是表时间的名词）；I sti

19、ll remember the time when I joined the League. I still remember the time on which I joined the League. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载I still remember the time which/that I joined the League on. 7.where 关系副词：指地点；在定语从句中作地点状语,不能省略；此时的 when 仍可用介词+which 替换（此时先行词肯定是表地点的名

20、词）；I still remember the school where I joined the League. I still remember the school in which I joined the League. I still remember the school which/that I joined the League in. 注：对关系副词 when, where 的熟悉；. 先行词是时间的名词,并非都用关系副词 when 引导定语从句；I ll never forget the time which/that I spent in Beijing. 先行词是地点

21、的名词,并非都用关系副词 where 引导定语从句；This is the factory which/that he visited yesterday. . 当句型为 It/This/That iswas the firstsecond last time 引起的句子时用that 连接其后的句子；此时的time 是次数,不是时间；It/This is the first time that we travel. It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. 8. why 指缘由,在定语从句中作缘由状语,先行词通常为reas

22、on,不能省略；且why 引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句；Why= for which I don t know the reason why he was late yesterday.The reason whyfor which he was late is that he missed the bus. 注：当先行词为reason时,关系副词并非都用why ；This is the reason that/ which he gave/ explained to us. 【判定用关系代词仍是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语仍是状语是确定用关系代词仍是关系副词的关键；试比较：I wi

23、ll never forget the day which/that I spent in Hongkong. spent 是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略 I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland. （ 从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）The reason （that/which ）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn t believable. gave 是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关

24、系代词或省略 The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday isnt believable.（ 从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）三. 值得留意的几个问题：第一 . 当先行词是物时,关系代词that/which 只用 that 的情形 ；1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时；This is the best film that has been shown this year. This is the first book that I borrow from the library. He is the fi

25、rst student that/who came to school today. 2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时；He talked about the teachers and the school that he had visited. 3.当先行词本身是 all 的,用 that； all that=what All that what I want to say to you is “Thank you ” .“Thank you ” . =All what I want to say to you is Go over all that what we lea

26、rned. =Go over all what we learned. （that 在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4.先行词为精品资料欢迎下载时,用 that. something, anything, nothing, everything, thingI ll tell you anything that I know.5.当先行词前有 all, much, little, many, a few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, on

27、e of, the only, the last, the next 等修饰语时；This is one of the books that Im very interesting in.This is one of the books in which I m very interesting. This is the only book that I read. He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano. All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto t

28、he floor. 6.（人,物）,当先行词在以who 或 which 开头的特别疑问句中时,用that 引导以防止混淆Who is the man that is talking with the lady. Which of you that know the answer can come to the front. 7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时,用 thatHe likes the girl that she used to be. 其次 . 当先行词是物时,关系代词that/which 只用 which 的情形；1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时The room in which

29、 he lives is very large. 2.引导非限定性定语从句时（主,宾都用which,都不能省略） Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large. 3.which 指整个句子的内容或部分内容,引导非限定性定语从句He always makes fun of me, which upsets me. 第三 . 其他特别情形1.先行词是 these, those指人时,关系代词只用

30、 who. Those who are playing over there are my students. 2.先行词是人称代词 he, she 时,关系代词只用 who. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3.不定代词 someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody 作先行词时, 关系代词用 who. Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished. 4.先行词是the only one of

31、 + 可数名词复数, 在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用单数形式（由于此时的先行词是the only one,而不是 of 后的可数名词复数） He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano. This is the only one of the books that is borrowed. 先行词是 one of + 可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用复数形式（由于此时的先行词是 of 后的可数名词复数 ,而不是 one）This is one of the students who are

32、 late. 5.当主句缺先行词时,用the one 代替,但须留意：the one 只能代替可数名词单数如为不可数名词时,指什么用什么Is this school the one I visited yesterday. Is pop music the music he likes best.名师归纳总结 6. 当先行词是the way,在定语从句中充当方式状语时（the way 表以 方式方法）,第 5 页,共 8 页引导词通常用that 或省略,也可用in which I don t like the way that you speak.- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - -

33、 - - - - - - - =I don 精品资料欢迎下载t like the way in which you speak.=I don t like the way whic h/that you speak in. 【“ 介词 +关系代词” 十种情形】在定语从句中,介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题；现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下：1介词 +which 在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和缘由状语, 代替相应的关系副词 when, where和 why ；如： I still remember the day on which when I first came to sch

34、ool. 我仍旧记得初来学校的那一天；The factory in which =where I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂；This is the reason for which =why he was late. 这就是他为什么迟到的缘由；2介词 +which （指物） / whom （指人）在定语从句中作地点状语,表示存在关系,定语从 句主谓一般要倒置；They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 他来到一处农舍, 前边坐着一个小 男孩；I saw a man, on

35、 the head of whom stood a bird. 我观察一个人,他的头上站着一只鸟；3介词 + which （指物） / whom（指人）在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语；这种结构 中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约；如：Could you tell me for whom you ve bought this coat.你能告知我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer. 这人是一位工程师,我是从他那里得到 这消息的；4介词 +which/whom ,用于被动结构的定语从句中,作状语,

36、说明动作的动身者；如：The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 损害羊的那只狼被打死了；The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是个好猎手；5不定代词 +of+which/whom ,在定语从句中作主语,说明整体中的部分,常用的不定代词 有： both, all, any, some, each, none, most 等；如：There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me. 这儿有很多书,可

37、一本也不属于我；Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服,他们都很贵；6数词 +of+which/whom ,在定语从句中作主语,说明整体与部分的关系；数词可以是基数 词、序数词、分数或百分数；如：In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty-five of whom are girls. 人是女生；我们班有 54 名同学, 25Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine. 两只手

38、表被偷了,其中一只是我的；7名词 +of+which 代替 whose+名词,在定语从句中作定语；如：I saw some trees, the leaves of which =whose leaves were black with disease. 我观察一些树, 他 们的叶子因害病而发黑；I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken.我住在一所房子里,其窗都破了；8介词 + which （指物） / whose（指人）修饰后边的名词；如：It rained all night and all day, during whi

39、ch time the ship was broken into pieces. 雨下了一天一 夜,就在这期间轮船撞碎了；The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps. 司机就是那个人, 她从他的房 间偷走地图；9形容词最高级+of+which/whom结构,在定语从句中,作定语,表部分关系；如：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有成千上万个岛屿,其中最名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页精选学

40、习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载大的是台湾岛；In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua. 的是李华；我们班有 20 名女生,最聪慧10介词 +which+ 不定式；此种用法多见于正式文体中,相当于一个定语从句；如：At last he had something about which to write home. 他最终有了给家里写信的内容了；He had no key with which to open the door. 他没有开门的钥匙；He has a sm

41、all room in which to live. 【运用定语从句时应留意的几个问题】1 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一样；This is one of the books which were written by Mark Twain. 这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本；（先行词是 books,因此动词应用 were；）2 关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分,复显现；This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it. 因此要留意防止从句中句子成分的重This is the mos

42、t beautiful place that I have visited. 这是我参观过的最美的地方； （去掉 it ,因 that代替先行词 the most beautiful place 在定语从句中作 visit 的宾语,再加 it 就余外了；）The school where I worked there is a big one. The school where I worked is a big one. 我所工作过的学校是一所高校校； （去掉 there,因 where既引导定语从句,又在从句中代替 in the school 作状语；）3 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不行

43、省略；The books were on the table were given to you. The books that were on the table were given to you. 桌上的那些书是给你的；（关系代词that 作主语不能省）4 “ one of the +复数名词” 后的定语从句中谓语动词的单复数情形；“ one of the + 复数名词”时,复数名词是先行词,所以谓语动词常用复数形式；假如“ one of the +复数名词” 前面有 the very /only 等修饰语,就谓语动词用单数形式,由于先行词是,而不是复数名词；如：He is the on

44、ly one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class. 他是我们班唯独说日语的学生；（the only one 是先行词）He is one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我们班里说日语的同学之一；（students 是先行词）5 定语从句中who 和 whom 的选用；who,作宾语用宾格whom；在其引导关系代词 who/whom 引导定语从句时,作主语用主格的定语从句带有插入语,而又不用逗号分开时,要用who；Mary is a girl who I thin

45、k is clever. 在定语从句who I think is clever中, I think 是插入语,去掉后Mary is a girl who is clever是一个完整的句子, who 是定语从句的主语,不能用 whom 替换；但下面的句子, 情形就不同了：Mary is a girl whom I think to be clever. 在定语从句 whom I think to be clever 中,如把 I think看作插入语而去掉,就剩下的部分 Mary is a girl whom to be clever 很明显不是一个完整的句子结构,所以 I think 不能被看作是插入语,而是定语从句在的主谓结构,whom 作 think 的宾语, to be clever 是 whom 的宾补；6 定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的挑选取决于它们在从句中所充当的句子成分；如作主语和宾语