2011张剑考研英语模拟题.doc

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1、-!第一套试题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co. ltd., one of the six companies, created out of the privatized national railway system. In an industry lac

2、king exciting growth_1_, its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations_2_is drawing interest.In a plan called “Station Renaissance” that it_3_in November, JR East said that it would_4_using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants, extending them to_5_more suitable for the i

3、nformation age. It wants train stations as pick-up_6_for such goods as books, flowers and groceries_7_over the Internet. In a country where city_8_depend heavily on trains_9_commuting, about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway, the company _10_. So, picking up commodities at trai

4、n stations_11_consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries. JR East already has been using its station_12_stores for this purpose, but it plans to create_13_spaces for the delivery of Internet goods.The company also plans to introduce _14_cardsknown in Japan as IC cards because they use integra

5、ted circuit for_15_information_16_ train tickets and commuter passes_17_the magnetic ones used today, integrating them into a/an _18_pass. This will save the company money, because_19_for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. Increased use of IC cards should also_20_the space neede

6、d for ticket vending.1.AperspectivesBoutlooksCprospects Dspectacles2.Acreatively BoriginallyCauthentically Dinitially3.AdisplayedBdemonstratedCembarked Dunveiled4.Ago beyond Bset outCcome around Dspread over5.AapplicationsBenterprisesCfunctions Dperformances6.AdistrictsBvicinitiesCresorts Dlocations

7、7.AacquiredBpurchasedCpresided Dattained8.AlodgersBtenantsCdwellers Dboarders9.AforBinCof Das10.AfiguresBexhibits Cconvinces Dspeculates11.AdeprivesBretrievesCspares Dexempts12.AconjunctionBconvenience Cdepartment Dornament13.Adelegated BdesignatedCdevoted Ddedicated14.AcleverBsmartCingenious Dintel

8、ligent15.Achecking Bgathering Cholding Daccommodating16.AasBfor Cwith Dof17.Abut forBas well asCinstead of Dmore than18.AuniqueBsingleCunitary Donly19.AdevicesBinstrumentsCreaders Dexaminers20.AreduceBnarrowCdwarfDshrinkSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Ans

9、wer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1 “Ive never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “Its a stupid endeavor.” Thats an interesting cho

10、ice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this yearor perhaps not f

11、or another five years. It seems the reproductive system of mans best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.Westhusins experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of can

12、ine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missys DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when youre dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning

13、is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusins phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like

14、 Missys mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. Hes plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missys fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missys ow

15、ners and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusins work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth

16、by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when were not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?” 1. Which of the following best represents Mr. Westhusins attitude toward cloning?A

17、Animal cloning is a stupid attempt.B Human cloning is not yet close to getting it worked out.C Cloning is too inefficient and should be stopped.D Animals cloning yes, and human cloning at least not now.2. The Missyplicity project does not seem very successful probably because _.A there isnt enough f

18、und to support the researchB cloning dogs is more complicated than cloning cats and bullsC Mr. Westhusin is too busy taking care of the businessD the owner is asking for an exact copy of his pet3. When Mr. Westhusin says “. cloning is dangerous,” he implies that _.A lab technicians may be affected b

19、y chemicalsB cats and dogs in the lab may die of diseasesC experiments may waste lots of livesD cloned animals could outlive the natural ones4. We can infer from the third paragraph that _.A rich people are more interested in cloning humans than animalsB cloning of animal pets is becoming a prospero

20、us industryC there is no distinction between a cloned and a natural dogD Missys master pays a lot in a hope to revive the dog5. We may conclude from the text that _.A human cloning will not succeed unless the technique is more efficientB scientists are optimistic about cloning techniqueC many people

21、 are against the idea of human cloningD cloned animals are more favored by owners even if they are weaker答案1. D2.B3.C4.B5.A总体分析本文是一篇讨论克隆动物和克隆人实验的文章。第一段：引用专家的话指出克隆人是愚蠢的尝试，接着提到正在进行的克隆动物的实验，指出狗的克隆最具有难度。第二段：介绍动物克隆实验所反映出来的低效性使威斯苏森教授反对克隆人。第三段：转折指出，但是克隆狗存在巨大的商机。第四段：指出克隆动物还远没有成功，并再次引用专家的话否认目前克隆人的可行性。试题精解1.下

22、面哪一个最能代表威斯苏森先生对克隆的态度？A 克隆动物是一种愚蠢的尝试。B 克隆人还没有接近成功。C 克隆的效率太低，应该被禁止。D 克隆动物可以，克隆人至少现在还不行。精解 本题考查考生文中人物观点。文中多次引用了威斯苏森先生有关克隆的话，从中我们可以判断出他的态度。A中a stupid attempt出现在文章开始部分，是他对于克隆人而非克隆动物的看法。B中not yet close to getting it worked out出现在文章末句，是他对待动物实验的看法，不包括克隆人。事实上，克隆人还没有开始，谈不上是否接近成功。第二段末句，威斯苏森先生提到克隆是极其低效的，但没有提出因此

23、就应该被禁止。因此，C部分错误。第二段倒数第二句，威斯苏森先生提出，动物实验中对动物卵的浪费以及动物的自然性流产还可以接受，但研究人就不行。可见，他默许克隆动物，反对克隆人，因此D正确。2. 克隆密斯项目似乎不是非常成功，原因可能是_。A 没有足够的资金支持这项研究B 克隆狗比克隆猫或牛更复杂C 威斯苏森先生太忙于照料生意D 狗的主人要求和他的宠物一模一样的复制品精解 本题考查事实细节。第一段倒数第二句指出，克隆密斯可能成功也可能失败。该段最后一句解释其原因是：狗的生殖系统似乎是现代科学中一个神秘的领域。因此B为正确项。第三段首句提到，克隆狗是一个商机，能带来丰厚的科研报酬。该段第三句又提到，

24、对于像密斯的主人这样的消费者来说，高额的花销并不是什么障碍。由此可知，A不是项目不成功的原因。C属于无中生有项，第三段第二句只提到，多利羊克隆成功后，威斯苏森教授接到很多希望克隆狗的电话，这些电话都潜藏商机。但不能由此推知他忙于商业活动。第三段最后两句提到，密斯的主人知道，密斯的克隆体不一定能有与它一样的脾气秉性。在一份用途声明中，密斯的主人和农业机械大学的团队表示，他们“共同期待能研究密斯的克隆体与它本身的差异之处。”可见D也不是原因。3. 当威斯苏森先生说“克隆是危险的”，他的意思是_。A 实验室的技术员可能会受到化学物质的感染B 实验室里的猫和狗可能死于疾病C 实验会浪费很多生命D 克隆

25、的动物比一般的动物能活得更长精解 本题考查句意的理解。题干引用的话出现在第二段末。其上文即该段倒数第二句中，威斯苏森先生指出，在猫或牛的克隆试验中，对动物卵的浪费以及许多动物的自然性流产都可以接受，但是克隆人就不行。因此可知，C是“危险”的真正含义。其他项文中都未提及。4. 从第三段我们可以推知_。A 富人对克隆人比对克隆动物更感兴趣B 克隆动物宠物正成为一个欣欣向荣的产业C 克隆狗和一般的狗之间没有什么区别D 密斯的主人出重金希望狗能复活精解 本题考查推理引申。第三段首句提到，克隆狗是能带来丰厚科研报酬的商机。下文无论是提到动医学院频繁接到的电话，还是举出一掷千金想克隆爱犬的富人的例子都是为

26、了说明首句的观点。因此从第三段可推出的结论是B。该段主要涉及的是克隆狗，因此无从推知A；从该段最后两句可知，C与事实相反；D错在revive，由该段第四句可知，密斯的主人只是想要一个密斯的孪生子在它死后继承其优良品质。 5. 从文章中我们可以得知_。A 除非技术效率提高否则克隆人类不会成功B 科学家们对克隆技术持乐观态度C 许多人反对克隆人的想法D 克隆的动物即使弱小也更受主人青睐精解 本题考查全局事实细节题。文章一开始就引用专家威斯苏森的话，指出克隆人是愚蠢的尝试。第二段最后两句提到，克隆实验的低效性和危险性在克隆人中不可接受。文章末尾再次引用该专家的话，指出现在动物的研究还没成功，没有必要

27、想到克隆人。由此可见，技术是克隆实验存在的主要问题，也是阻碍克隆人实验的重要原因，因此可推知A正确。B明显错误，科学家并不乐观。全文只涉及专家和拥护克隆实验的人的观点，因此无从推知C。D在文中未提及。核心词汇或超纲词汇(1)cramped(a.) 狭窄的，狭小的，如working in conditions（在拥挤的环境里工作）(2)confines（n. pl.）范围，界限，边界，如the of human knowledge（人类的知识范围），the of family life（家庭生活的范围）(3)vexed (a.) 焦急的，为难的，恼怒的(4)Missyplicity（n.）这是个

28、临时造的词，是三个部分的合成：Missy指文中提到的那条狗密斯，duplicate意为“复制”，-ity为名词后缀。(5)canine (a.) 犬的，犬科的(6)surrogate mother代理母体(7)aborted (a.) 流产的；出故障的(8)fetus (n.) 胎，胎儿(9)veterinary (a.)兽医的， medicine/science兽医学(10)plop（v.）扑通一声把放下，如Can you some ice in my drink?（能在我的饮料中放点冰块吗？）（文中是比喻用法，指“投入资金”）(11)viably (ad.) 可实施地，切实可行地；能独立生

29、存地，能独立发展地(12)abnormality (n.)变态，畸形，异常全文翻译 “我还没有遇到一个值得被克隆的人,” 克隆专家马克威斯苏森在德克萨斯州农业机械大学空间狭小的实验室里说，“那是一种愚蠢的尝试。”这种风趣的用来形容克隆人的言辞来自一位富人，他花费数百万美金试图克隆一只13岁的名叫密斯的狗。到目前为止，他和他的团队还没有获得成功，尽管他们已经克隆出了两只牛并且正计划在短期内克隆出一只猫。他们可能会在年底成功克隆出密斯，也可能再过五年都不会成功。人类最亲密的朋友狗的生殖系统似乎是现代科学中一个神秘的领域。威斯苏森克隆动物的经验使他对克隆人的种种说法十分恼火。在研究“克隆密斯项目”的

30、三年时间里，农业机械大学的团队使用了成百上千只犬科动物的卵，却仅仅获得了一打左右的带有密斯DNA的胚胎，并且没有一个在被转移至克隆母体时存活下来。教授争辩道，在研究猫或牛的克隆试验中，对动物卵的浪费以及许多动物的自然性流产都是可以为人们所接受的，但是对于研究人来说就不行。他表示说，“克隆是十分低效的，而且也相当危险。”尽管如此，克隆狗仍是一个商机，能带来丰厚的科研报酬。自从1997年多利羊克隆成功后，威斯苏森教授在农业机械大学动医学院的电话就频频响起。对于像密斯的神秘主人这样的消费者来说，高额的花销并不是什么难题，他只是希望匿名以保护自己的隐私。到目前为止，他已经投入了370万美金来资助这项研

31、究，因为他想要一个密斯的孪生子在它死后继承其优良品质。但是这位主人知道，密斯的克隆体不一定能有与它一样的脾气秉性。在一份用途声明中，密斯的主人和农业机械大学的团队表示，他们“共同期待能研究密斯的克隆体与它本身的差异之处。”用于实验的狗的命运将由威斯苏森教授的工作来决定。他知道即使有一只能成功怀孕的狗，它的后代，如果能幸存下来，一出生就要面对其他克隆动物所面临的问题：像肺部和心脏发育不全造成的畸形以及体重问题等等。威斯苏森教授质问道，“在我们克隆动物的研究还没有接近成功时，为什么还想到要克隆人呢？”Text 2For more than two decades, U.S. courts have

32、 been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas. The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or eth

33、nicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.Now, chief executives of about two dozen compa

34、nies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. The CEO

35、s motive: “Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well”, says one CEO of a compang that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enr

36、ollment through new admissions policies; promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal

37、assistance to colleges sued for trying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways,” says, a forum member.One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universitieswhich educate three-quarters of all

38、 U.S. undergraduatesto admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldnt have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.1. U.S. court restricti

39、ons on affirmative action signifies that_.Aminorities no longer hold the once favored statusBthe quality of American colleges has improvedCracial preferences has replaced racial prejudiceDthe minority is on an equal footing with the majority2. What has been a divisive issue across the United States?

40、AWhether affirmative action should continue to exist.BWhether this law is helping minorities or the white majority.CWhether racism exists in American college admission.DWhether racial intolerance should be punished. 3. CEOs of big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students beca

41、use they_.Athink it wrong to deprive the minorities of their rights to receive educationBwant to conserve the fine characteristics of American nationCwant a workforce that reflects the diversity of their customersDthink it their duty to help develop education of the country4. The major tactic the fo

42、rum uses is to_.Abattle the racial preferences in courtBsupport colleges involved in lawsuits of racismCstrive to settle this political debate nationwideDfind legally viable ways to ensure minority admissions5. If the 10% rule is applied, _.Athe best white high school students can get into collegesB

43、public universities can get excellent studentsCstudents from poor rural families can go to collegesDgood minority students can get into public universities答案1. A2.B3.C4.D5.D总体分析本文介绍了美国法院对平等权利法案实施的限制以及社会相关方面应对这种情况所作出的努力。第一段：介绍了美国法院对大学中平等权利法案实施的限制及其带来的不利影响。第二段：指出多家公司与大学组成了反对这种限制的论坛及其原因。第三段：介绍论坛推行的具体策略

44、。第四段：介绍论坛主张在公立大学中实施的10%规则的内容及其意义。试题精解1.美国法院对平等权利法案的限制意味着_。A少数民族不再拥有受优待的地位B美国大学的质量有所提高C种族照顾取代了种族歧视D少数民族与多数民族是平等的精解 本题考查推理引申。第一段首句提到美国法院对平等权利法案的限制。第二句指出其理论依据是种族照顾政策是违反宪法的。第三句指出这种做法意味着对学生的录取不再考虑其种族或民族背景。由此可推知，A是该做法的潜在含义。B文中未提，C明显错误，因为该举动恰恰是反对种族照顾政策。D表面上看似乎有点道理，但根据第一段的论述可知，“平等”并不是本文主要涉及的内容。2. 在整个美国范围内引起

45、争议的事情是什么?A平等权利法案是否应该继续存在。B这项法律是在帮助少数民族还是白人多数民族。C美国大学招生中是否存在种族歧视。D种族不容忍行为是否应该受到惩罚。精解 本题考查句意理解。第一段第四句提到，“这在整个美国范围内引起了争议”，注意句中it指的是上文提到的“限制平等权利法案的做法”。该句中as引导的原因状语从句解释了引起争议的原因，即，教育者们认为它造成了少数民族录取率的降低。因此引起争议的是限制平等权利法案的影响，排除A。B虽然与文中论述不完全一样，但它其实就等于说“这种做法到底是有利于哪一方”，因此是正确项。第一段主要论述的是“种族照顾政策”，不是“种族歧视”或“不容忍行为”，排

46、除C和D。3. 大公司的执行总裁们决定帮助大学招收更多的少数民族学生，是因为他们_。A认为剥夺少数民族接受教育的权利是错误的B想要保存美国民族的优良品质C想要其劳动群体能够反映客户的多元化D认为帮助发展国家的教育是他们的职责精解 本题考查推理引申。根据题干定位到第二段。该段最后一句通过引用一位电视公司总裁的话解释了原因：我们的观众越来越多元化，所以如果员工来自不同的种族和民族，那么我们服务的机构将会受益。由此可推知，C为正确项。其他项均未提及。4. 论坛使用的主要策略是_。A与法庭上的种族照顾政策作斗争B支持牵涉到种族歧视诉讼的大学C努力解决这场全国性的政治争论D找到合法的途径来保证少数民族学生的录取精解 本题考查事实细节。论坛推行的策略在第三段第一句提到。其中第一种是找到通过新的录取政策增加少数民族录取人数的有创意且合法的办法。D符合这种策略，为正确项。