Chapter-7-Agriculture-Agreement.ppt

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1、Content pIntroduction pBasic principles on agricultural productspSpecific commitments relative to trade of agricultural productspSpecial safeguard measures of agricultural products pCase 1.Introduction pThe volume of world agriculture exports has substantially 大体上increased over recent decades.pAgric

2、ultural trade remains in many countries an important part of overall economic activity and continues to play a major role in domestic agricultural production and employment.pAlthough agriculture has always been covered by the GATT, prior to WTO there were several important differences with respect t

3、o关于 the rules that applied to agricultural primary products as opposed to industrial products.pIn the aftermath余波 of the second world war, many governments were concerned primarily with increasing domestic agricultural productions so as to feed their growing populations.pIn the lead-up to the Urugua

4、y Round乌拉圭回合 negotiations, the causes起因 of disarray混乱 in world agriculture went beyond超越 import access problems which has been the traditional focus of GATT negotiations. pThe agricultural negotiations in the Uruguay Round were by no means绝不 easy.pThe agreement on agriculture and the agreement on th

5、e application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures 卫生与动植物检疫措施were negotiated in parallel并列的.pThe WTOs agriculture agreement was negotiated in the 1986-1994 Uruguay Round and came into force生效 on January 1, 1995. pThe Uruguay Round produced the first “multilateral agreement” dedicated to the sector

6、.pIt was a significant first step towards order, fair competition and a less distorted sector. Relationship with other WTO agreementspIn principle, all WTO agreements and understandings谅解，协议 on trade in goods apply to agriculture. pHowever, where there is any conflict between these agreements and th

7、e agreement on agriculture, the provisions of the agreement on agriculture prevail.Product coverage pThe agreement defines in its Annex 1 agriculture products by reference to the HS of product classification.pThe definition covers not only basic agricultural products such as wheat and animals, but a

8、lso the products derived from them such as bread, butter and meat, as well as all processed加工的加工的 agricultural products such as chocolate and sausages香肠.pFish and fish products are not includes, nor are the forestry林业林业 products.Rules and commitmentspThe agreement on agriculture establishes a number

9、 of generally applicable rules with regard to trade-related agricultural measures, primarily in the areas of market assess市场准入市场准入, domestic support 国内支持国内支持and export competition出口竞争出口竞争.pThese rules related to country-specific国别的 commitments are contained in the individual country schedules of the

10、 WTO members.Implementation periodpThe implementation period for the country-specific commitments is the six-year period commencing开始 in 1995.pHowever, developing countries have the flexibility to implement commitments over a period up to 10.pThe Uruguay Round agreement included a commitment to cont

11、inue the reform through new negotiations. These were launched in 2000, as required by the Agriculture Agreement.Committee on agriculture pThe agreement established a committee委员会 on agriculture.pThe committee usually meets four times per year. Special meetings can be convened召集 if necessary.pAgreeme

12、nt on Agriculture is divided into 13 parts, 21 articles and 5 annexes.2. Basic principles on agricultural productspEstablish a fair and market-oriented 以市场为导向的agricultural trading system.pProvide for substantial progressive reductions in agricultural support and protection, correct and prevent restr

13、ictions and distortions扭曲 in world agricultural markets.pAchieve specific binding有约束力的 commitments in the area of market assess, domestic support and export competition.pProvide for a greater较大的 improvement of opportunities and term of assess for agricultural products of particular interest to devel

14、oping countries.pPertinent 相关的commitments should be made in an equitable公平的 way among all members, having regard to non-trade concerns非贸易关注, including food security and the need to protect the environment and to special and differential差别 treatment for developing countries.3.Specific commitments rel

15、ative to trade of agricultural productspThe original GATT did apply to agricultural trade, but it contained loopholes漏洞. pFor example, it allowed countries to use some non-tariff measures such as import quotas, and to subsidize. Agricultural trade became highly distorted扭曲的, especially with the use

16、of export subsidies which would not normally have been allowed for industrial products. 3.1 The Agriculture Agreement: new rules and commitmentspThe objective 目标of the Agriculture Agreement is to reform trade in the sector and to make policies more market-oriented. This would improve predictability可

17、预测性的 and security for importing and exporting countries alike.pThe new rules and commitments apply to: market access市场准入市场准入 various trade restrictions confronting imports domestic support subsidies and other programmes, including those that raise or guarantee farmgate prices and farmers incomes exp

18、ort subsidies and other methods used to make exports artificially人为地 competitive. 3.2 Market access: tariffs only, pleasepThe new rule for market access in agricultural products is “tariffs only”. pBefore the Uruguay Round, some agricultural imports were restricted by quotas and other non-tariff mea

19、sures. These have been replaced by tariffs that provide more-or-less equivalent levels of protection.pIf the previous policy meant domestic prices were 75% higher than world prices, then the new tariff could be around 75%. p“Tariffication关税化”: Converting the quotas and other types of measures to tar

20、iffs in this way pThe newly committed受约束的p tariffs and tariff quotas, covering all agricultural products, took effect in 1995. pUruguay Round participants agreed that developed countries would cut the tariffs (the higher out-of-quota rates in the case of tariff-quotas) by an average of 36%, in equal

21、 steps over six years.pDeveloping countries would make 24% cuts over 10 years. pLeast-developed countries do not have to cut their tariffs. (These figures do not actually appear in the Agriculture Agreement. Participants used them to prepare their schedules i.e. lists of commitments. It is the commi

22、tments listed in the schedules that are legally binding.)pFor products whose non-tariff restrictions have been converted to tariffs, governments are allowed to take special emergency actions (“special safeguards”) in order to prevent swiftly很快的 falling prices or surges in imports from hurting their

23、farmers. But the agreement specifies指定 when and how those emergency actions can be introduced (for example, they cannot be used on imports within a tariff-quota).The applying of SSGpA member ever taking such kinds of measures on the importation of its agricultural products as minimum import prices,

24、discretionary import licensing有差别的有差别的进口许可进口许可, voluntary export restraints 自动出口限制自动出口限制and otherwise which have been converted into an ordinary customs duty普通关税普通关税 may implement special safeguard measures.pThe products bound are marked in the members schedule with the symbol “SSG” as being the sub

25、ject of a market assess concession.Satisfy one of the following conditions: pCondition I: pthe volume of imports of that product during any year exceeds a trigger触发水平触发水平 level. i.e. imports as a percentage of corresponding相当的 domestic consumption during the three preceding year 之前的三年for which data

26、are available, which relates to the existing market access opportunity.Satisfy one of the following conditions: pCondition II: pThe CIF import price, expressed in terms of its domestic currency, of that product falls bellow a trigger price equal to the average 1986-1988 reference price for the produ

27、ct concerned. pFour countries used “special treatment” provisions to restrict imports of particularly sensitive products (mainly rice) during the implementation period (to 2000 for developed countries, to 2004 for developing nations), but subject to 遭受strictly defined conditions, including minimum a

28、ccess for overseas suppliers. pThe four were: Japan, Rep. of Korea, and the Philippines for rice; and Israel以色列 for sheepmeat羊肉, whole milk powder and certain cheeses.p Japan and Israel have now given up this right, but a new member, Chinese Taipei, has joined Rep. of Korea and the Philippines with

29、special treatment for rice.3.3 Domestic support: some you can, some you cant pThe main complaint about policies which support domestic prices, or subsidize production in some other way, is that they encourage over-production. This squeezes out排除 imports or leads to export subsidies and low-priced du

30、mping on world markets. pThe Agriculture Agreement distinguishes between support programmes that stimulate production directly, and those that are considered to have no direct effect.“Amber box黄箱补贴黄箱补贴” subsidypAmber box: a reference to the amber colour of traffic lights, which means “slow down”.pDo

31、mestic policies belong to “amber box” do have a direct effect on production and trade have to be cut back.p WTO members calculated how much support of this kind they were providing per year for the agricultural sector (using calculations known as “total aggregate measurement of support” or “Total AM

32、S”) in the base years of 1986-88. Aggregate Measurement of Support, AMSpAggregate Measurement of Support (AMS, 综合支持量) means the annual level of support, expressed in monetary terms, provided for an agricultural product in favor of 有利于agricultural producers.Total AMS （综合支持总量）pTotal AMS means the sum

33、of all domestic support provided in favor of agricultural producers, calculated as the sum of all aggregate measurements of support.pDeveloped countries agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. pDeveloping countries agreed to make 13% cuts over 10 years. pLeast-develope

34、d countries do not need to make any cuts. “Green Box” SubsidypMeasures with minimal impact on trade can be used freely they are in a “green box” (“green” as in traffic lights). pThey include government services, such as research, disease control, infrastructure 基础设施and food security. They also inclu

35、de payments支付 made directly to farmers that do not stimulate production, such as certain forms of direct income support, assistance to help farmers restructure agriculture, and direct payments under environmental and regional assistance programmes.“Blue Box” SubsidypBlue box subsidy, also permitted,

36、 are certain direct payments to farmers where the farmers are required to limit production .pIt is permitted that certain government assistance programmes to encourage agricultural and rural development in developing countries, and other support on a small scale when compared with the total value of

37、 the product or products supported (5% or less in the case of developed countries and 10% or less for developing countries).3.4 Export subsidies: limits on spending and quantitiespThe Agriculture Agreement prohibits export subsidies on agricultural products unless the subsidies are specified in a me

38、mbers lists of commitments. Where they are listed, the agreement requires WTO members to cut both the amount of money they spend on export subsidies and the quantities of exports that receive subsidies. pTaking averages for 1986-90 as the base level, developed countries agreed to cut the value of ex

39、port subsidies by 36% over the six years starting in 1995 (24% over 10 years for developing countries). pDeveloped countries also agreed to reduce the quantities of subsidized exports by 21% over the six years (14% over 10 years for developing countries). Least-developed countries do not need to mak

40、e any cuts.pDuring the six-year implementation period, developing countries are allowed under certain conditions to use subsidies to reduce the costs of marketing and transporting销售和运输销售和运输 exports.Export subsidiespthe provision by governments or their agencies of direct subsidies, including payment

41、s-in-kind, to a firm, to an industry, to producers of an agricultural product, to a cooperative or other association of such producers, or to a marketing board, contingent on export performance; pThe sale or disposal for export by governments or their agencies of non-commercial stocks of agricultura

42、l products at a price lower than the comparable price charged for the like product to buyers in the domestic market; Export subsidiespPayments on the export of an agricultural product than are financed by virtue of governmental action, including payments that are financed from the proceeds of a levy

43、 imposed on the agricultural product concerned or on an agricultural product from which the exported product is derived;pSubsidies on agricultural products contingent on their incorporation in exported products. Export subsidiespThe provision of subsidies to reduce the costs of marketing exports of

44、agricultural products (other than widely available export promotion and advisory services) including handling, upgrading and other processing costs, and the costs of international transport and freight; pInternal transport and freight charges on export shipments, provided or mandated by governments, on terms more favourable than for domestic shipments; 38 结束语结束语