Unit-26--Applications-of-GIS.doc

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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-dateUnit-26-Applications-of-GISUnit 26 Applications of GIS Unit 26 Applications of GIS Due to increasing complexity of the real world situations , more challenges emerge in knowing about th

2、e precious earth , and also in planning and decision-making processes . GIS is nowadays considered as an important tool in planning and decision-making . It has been found applied in many fields , such as cadastral mapping , land use planning , forestry , wildlife management , infrastructure plannin

3、g , zoning , military , environmental monitoring , network planning , facility selecting , archaeology , agriculture , libraries and museums , marine , coast , and oceans , media , mining and earth sciences , petroleum , retail business , state and local government , transportation . Some of the adv

4、anced applications at present involve air traffic monitoring , road navigation , crime analysis , and so on . At present , GIS become the accepted and standard means of utilizing spatial data . Likewise , the use of spatial data is growing very rapidly in diverse fields . This ability to in corporat

5、e spatial data , manage it , analyze it , and answer spatial questions is the distinctive characteristic of a geographic information system. Mapmaking and geographic analysis is not new , but GIS makes it possible to do this type of work faster and more efficiently because of the power and ease of u

6、sing modern computers . It allows virtually anyone to create a map to help explain historic evens , plan for the future , and predict outcomes . The following examples explain the application fields of GIS .Environment : Environmental fields have long used GIS for a variety of applications that rang

7、e from simple inventory and query , to map analysis and overlay , to complex spatial decision-making systems . Examples include : forest modeling , air /water quality modeling and monitoring ,environmentally sensitive zone mapping , analysis of interaction between economic , meteorological , and hyd

8、rological & geological change . Typical data input into an environmental GIS include : elevation , forest cover , and soil quality and hydrogeology coverage . In many cases environmental GIS are used so that environmental considerations can be better incorporated into socioeconomic development enabl

9、ing a balance between the two.Infrastructure and Utilities : GIS technologies are also widely applied to the planning and management of public utilities . Organizations dealing with infrastructure and public utilities find GIS a powerful tool in handling aspects such as planning , decision support ,

10、 customer service , regulatory requests, standardization of methods , and graphics display . Typical uses include management of the following services : electric , gas , water , roads , telecommunication , storm sewers , TV/FM transmitting facilities , hazards analysis , and dispatch and emergency s

11、ervices . Typical data input includes street network , topographic data , demographic data and local government administration boundary .Computer Cartography : The growth of computer -assisted cartography (CAC) has been largely dependent on the development of vector-based GIS . With the help of GIS

12、, cartographic tasks such as thematic overlays of information , map projections , and map sheet layouts can be performed much more conveniently . Continually updated geographic databases provide an easy way to produce new map editions . Automated mapmaking and virtual map images have replaced tradit

13、ional paper maps in many applications . Web-based maps have made general-purpose navigation far more accessible to the public . However ,manually digitized paper maps remain the primary form of data input in an automated cartography GIS . Scanned maps are also often used .Land Information : GIS has

14、aided management of land information by enabling easy creation and maintenance of data for land records , land planning and land use . In particular , a flourishing number of municipal governments have started to implement GIS to help manage their land information . GIS makes input , updates , and r

15、etrieval of data such as tax records , land-use plan , and zoning codes much easier than during the paper-map era .Typical uses of GIS in land information management include managing land registry for recording titles to land holdings , preparing land-use plan and zoning maps , cadastral mapping , e

16、tc . Input of data into a land information GIS includes : political and administrative boundaries, transportation , and soil cover . Engineering-Pipeline : Competitive pressure and regulatory constraints are placing increasing demands on pipeline operators to function in an efficient , safe , and re

17、sponsible manner . Responding to these demands requires accessibility to information regarding geographically distributed assets and operations . GIS technology facilitates the organization and management of data with a geographic component . It also eases data acquisition and utilization . GIS prov

18、ides pipeline operators in companies such as Shell International with improved capability to manage pipeline integrity , improved efficiencies in pipeline operations , and improved response to business development opportunities . Engineering-Surveying : Surveyors and engineers understand the importa

19、nce of geographic data . Surveyors use precise instruments , procedures, and computations to accurately locate and define geographic features while conducting field surveys that range from cadastral to engineering construction layout . Engineers design and build structures and infrastructures on geo

20、graphy measured by surveyors . GIS provides the tools to help surveyors in thousands of state and local governments , including Marion County , Oregon , to integrate a variety of data sources and types , maintain and manage inventories , and visualize data and related information using dynamic maps.

21、 GIS is also used for real estate litigation support by providing modeling and analysis .Location Services : As the global community increasingly becomes more mobile , locating people , places , and things while deriving useful information from raw locations has never been more important . Governmen

22、ts and businesses managing enterprise wide spatial data repositories require expedient options to disseminate critical business data to personnel and resources in the field ; mobile consumers increasingly demand convenient commercial location services that enhance mobile lifestyles ; and legislation

23、 in some regions of the world forces solution providers to quickly develop highly reliable , trusted , and always available emergency service applications , ensuring public safety responses for all location-aware mobile devices and entities . Many companies , including Air Zip , Signal Soft , and Tr

24、affic Station , are assisting ESRI in bringing this technology to businesses and governments throughout the world .Mining and Earth Sciences : GIS creates efficiency and productivity opportunities in all aspects of mineral exploration and mining . GIS enables mineral geologists and mine operators to

25、 mine intelligently , efficiently , competitively , safely , and environmentally . GIS provides the framework to acquire , develop , and interpret the complex spatial and tabular data sets used for mining and the earth sciences . Mapping , spatial concepts , and time/space operations technology are

26、absolutely essential to effective mining . Natural Resources at a time when the earths resources are being taxed like never before , natural resource managers are discovering the power of GIS to help them make crucial decisions . GIS is helping development and conservation communities find common gr

27、ound by providing a framework for the analysis and discussion of resource management issues . Companies and organizations , including the Nature Conservancy , the Environmental Protection Agency , Chevron , and the Department of Fish and Wildlife , are unleashing the power of GIS to manage natural r

28、esources . Transportation : In the transportation industry , geographic analysis is the key to making better decisions . GIS serves three distinct transportation needs : infrastructure management , fleet and logistics management , and transit management . Transportation professionals , such as the N

29、ew York Department of Transportation, the Maryland State Highway Administration , and the city of Reykjavik , Iceland , use GIS to integrate mapping analysis into decision support for network planning and analysis , tracking and routing , inventory tracking , route planning and analysis , and more .-