1时态和语态.ppt

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1、语法难点突破之一语法难点突破之一 动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态 语法专题突破语法专题突破 动词的时态和语态一直是历年高考的必考点。主要考查考生在特定语境下对时态和语态的理解，其中现在完成时、一般过去时、过去完成时的运用出现得最为频繁。此外，为了增加试题的区分度，命题者还常常把动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致结合在一起考查。在解题时要注意以下几个问题：1 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干中可参照的时间信息有哪些？2 这个动作处于什么状态？是进行中，还是已结束(完成)？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？3 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题，试题的答案也就水落石出

2、了。一、动词时态的基本结构和用法类别意义例句现在时态一般现在时1.主要表示现在的特征、状态、经常性动作或客观事实等。2.用在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，表示将来。3.少数表示动作起止的动词有时也可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。I play ping pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. If it rains tomorrow, will you still go？The plane for Canada leaves at 9：15.类别意义例句现在时态现在

3、进行时1.表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。2.与副词always，continually，constantly，never等连用时表示厌恶或赞扬等的感情色彩。3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少数表示来、去、开始、离开等意义的瞬间动词的进行时可以表示一个按规定、计划或安排好的将要进行的动作。My brother is reading an interesting novel these days. You are always forgetting the important things. Were moving to the new building next wee

4、k.类别意义例句现在时态现在完成时1.现在完成时的两种意义：表示动作发生于过去，对现在有一定的影响或结果。表示动作或状态过去已经开始，持续到现在而且可能继续下去。2.短暂性动词在肯定句中不可与表示时间段的for, since等连用。3.可用在表时间、条件、让步的状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。4.在It is the first/ second time that句型中，that从句的谓语动词用现在完成时。They have cleaned the classroom. (即： The room is clean now. )He has lived in this country

5、for 40 years. Once you have made a promise, you shouldnt break it. It is the first time that I have been here. 类别意义例句现在时态现在完成进行时1.表示从过去某一时刻开始的动作一直延续到现在，现在可能刚刚结束，也可能仍要继续。2.表示瞬间意义的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。Ive been sitting here all day. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy has been considering going back to school,

6、 but she hasnt decided yet. 类别意义例句过去时态一般过去时1.主要表示过去某时发生的情况或动作(包括过去习惯性的动作)。2.所表达的事件与现在无关。3.即使是刚刚发生的事情也要用过去时。If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it rained all day. Sorry. I didnt know you were here.类别意义例句过去时态过去进行时1.表示过去某一时间正进行的动作 。通常有时间状语(从句)，或有上下文提示。2.与副词always, continuall

7、y, constantly, never等连用时表示厌恶或赞扬等的感情色彩。3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少数表示来、去、开始、离开等意义的瞬间动词的进行时可以表示一个按规定、计划或安排好的过去某个时间将要进行的动作。As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.My grandfather was always forgetting things. Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon. 类别意义例句过去时态过去完成时1.表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去

8、某一时间或动作之前，即“过去的过去”。 可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。2.表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。3.动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。4.用在hardlywhen，no soonerthan，It was the first (second, etc.) time (that)等固定句型中。By nine oclock last n

9、ight, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 类别意义例句过去时态过去将来时1.常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。2.was/were about to dowhen正要做某事

10、这时He said he would come and help me if necessary. I was just about to explain when he interrupted me.类别意义例句将来时态will (shall)do其特殊用法：1单纯的将来。2说话时临时的打算。 I will be 17 next month.Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.It doesnt matter. I will go and post it myself. 类别意义例句将来时态be going todo1. 按照计划打算做(即说话时早已有的打

11、算)。2根据客观迹象预示着。 Ann is in hospital. Yes, I know. Im going to visit her tomorrow.Look at the clouds. It is going to rain. 类别意义例句将来时态betodo 1. 表示按计划要发生的事或表示命令、职责、义务、要求等。 2可以用于条件句，表示“想，想要做。”3be to do 结构有时还可以表示“注定了”。 The president is to visit the school next week.You are to do your homework before you wa

12、tch TV. (相当于should, ought to)If you are to pass the exams, you will have to study harder from now on.They were never to meet again. 类别意义例句将来时态beabouttodo 表示即将发生的动作，意为：很快，马上。后面一般不跟时间状语。常与when 连用， 构成句型“be about to do when ”(正要做这时) We are about to leave. 二、几种易混时态的辨析1 一般现在时与现在进行时一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或状态性的行为。

13、 而现在进行时则具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi. This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door. 如：重庆卷 The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building _ now.AremainsBis remainedCis remainingDhas been remained【解析】 A考查动词用法及时

14、态。remain作不及物动词用，表示“剩下，仍有”，只能用于主动语态，不可直接跟宾语。结合语境应用一般现在时表示现状。2 一般过去时和现在完成时一般过去时所表达的事件与现在无关。而现在完成时则强调对现在的影响和结果。如：I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing now. )I have stayed in Beijing for five days and havent decided where to go next. (I am still in Beijing now a

15、nd dont know where to go next.)北京卷 Im sorry，but I dont quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?Sorry，I _myself clear. We want to return on October 20.Ahadnt made Bwouldnt makeCdont make Dhavent made【解析】 D本题考查时态和情景交际。答句句意为：抱歉，我还没有把我的意思表达明白，强调对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时态。3 一般过去时和过去进行时一般

16、过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存在的状态。过去进行时则表示在过去某个时间点或时间段正在做某事。进行时具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：I read a book last month. (书已经在过去某个时间点读完)I was reading a book last month. (书未读完) Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _it this morning. Adid Bhas doneCwas doing Dhad done【解析】 C此题容易误选A。根据I have no idea这一关键信息可知，说

17、话者对是否完成并不知道，因此用进行时，表示今天上午在做。4 一般过去时和过去完成时判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“过去”的时间点或动作，然后判断在这个时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动作，并且判断该句是否强调发生在前。The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.5 完成时和完成进行时的用法比较现在完成时和过去完成时分别表示某一动作持续到现在或过去某一时间。现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时虽然也表示一个动作持续到现在或过去某一时间，但更强调动作的持续性。完成时强调动作的结果，完成进行时强调动作

18、的延续。如：(1)Why does the river smell terrible? Because the water_. Ahave pollutedBis being pollutedChas been pollutedDhave been polluted【解析】 C考查完成时和完成进行时的用法和主谓一致。根据问句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是the water，谓语动词用单数，选C。(2)He _ articles for our newspaper these years, and he _about 4

19、0 articles. Ahas written；has writtenBhas been writing；writesCis writing；has been writingDhas been writing；has written【解析】 D考查完成时和完成进行时的用法。由句意知“这些年他一直在写”，用has been writing；“已写完了”用has written。三、被动语态 动词的语态反映主语与谓语动词之间的一种关系。动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，谓语动词用主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者时，谓语动词用被

20、动语态。在主动语态中，句子通过谓语动词的不同形式体现出不同的时态形式；被动语态由“助动词be 过去分词”构成，不同的时态通过 be 的不同形式体现。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构成方法相同。常用被动语态 构成(以ask为例) 常用被动语态 构成1 一般现在时am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked3 一般将来时shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked4 过去将来时would be ask

21、ed 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked5 现在进行时am/is/are being asked 10含有情态动词的被动语态can/must/may be asked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介词或副词。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. “get 过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。如：She got married last week. He fell

22、off the car and got killed. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed thatIt is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is well known thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is supposed thatIt is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that注意事项不用被动语态的情况不及物动词及短语没有被动语态，如：happen, take place, l

23、ast, break out, come about, come out等。如：The book came out last year. The meeting lasted about 4 hours without reaching any agreement. 系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等都没有被动语态。如：The food tastes good.The cloth feels soft. His plan p

24、roved (to be) practical. It has gone bad.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词不需用被动语态。如read, write, act, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, open, lock, shut, dry, start。这类动词一般不单独使用，常用一个修饰语。如：The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。My pen wont write. 我的笔写不出字来。This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。The door wont lock. 这门锁不上。The engine wont start.

25、引擎发动不起来。The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。1 Hi, Lucy, you look tired. Im really tired. I _the living room all day. ApaintedBhad paintedChave been paintingDhave been painted【误】 学生容易分辨不清C与D的区别，而误选D。【正】 C表示我一整天都在刷房子，应该用现在完成进行时。2 Nancy is not coming tonight. But she _！(promise)【误】 But she has promised. 【正】 B

26、ut she promised. 【解析】 Nancy“答应要来”这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺，前文已告诉我们“她不来了”，因此诺言已跟现在没有关系，只是过去的一个动作。3 托尼给我打电话时，我刚完成工作，要开始洗澡。【误】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 【解析】 从关键信息I had

27、just finished my work可以看出是“正要开始洗澡”应该是进行时，was starting 可以表示马上就要进行的动作；而started表示“开始了”。4 I dont really work here; I _until the new secretary arrives. Ajust help outBhave just helped out Cam just helping outDwill just help out【误】 此题易受第一句话的影响，而误选A。【正】 表示我现在只是在临时帮忙，是现在正在进行的动作，选C。【解析】 一般现在时表示现在的、经常性的行为或状态，

28、而现在进行时表示正在进行的、暂时性的动作。5 很多的鸟类正被人们捕杀。【误】 Many birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now. 【解析】 现在进行时的被动语态结构要完整，不能遗漏其中的助动词，导致时态错误。1 2010上海卷 The church tower which_will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. Ahas restored Bhas been restoredCis restoring Dis being restored【

29、解析】 D本题考查被动语态。restore意为“修复”，而最后一句表明工程还未完成，因此为正在修复中，选D。2 北京卷 John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_ with them to school. Atook Bhad takenCwere taking Dwould take【答案】 B3 辽宁卷 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair_ all day. Could you speak to her now? Aphones Bhas phonedCh

30、as been phoning Dphoned【解析】 C考查现在完成进行时。由all day可以看出一直在打电话，此时仍然在打，过去发生的动作持续到现在并仍在进行，选C。4 天津卷 My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Alive Blived Cwere living Dwill live【解析】 A考查时态。后句意思为：他们出生在香港，从来没有在别的地方住过。由此可知前句“一直在香港住”，时态用一般现在时，说明事实，选A。5江苏卷 Ann is in hosp

31、ital. Oh, really? I _know. I _go and visit her. Adidnt; am going to Bdont; wouldCdont; will Ddidnt; will【解析】 D由答语中的“Oh, really？”可以看出，“我”是刚刚知道的，所以用I didnt know表示现在之前不知道。A项中的am going to表示“说话时早有的打算”，而D项中的will则表示“说话时临时的打算”。6上海卷 During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _not to touch any u

32、nattended bag.Ahad always been warnedBwere always being warnedCare always warningDalways warned【解析】 B根据时间状语可知是指过去，be always doing sth.表示“一种感情色彩”，并且人们与警告之间是被动的关系，选B。7He_ football regularly for many years when he was young. Awas playing BplayedChas played Dhad played【解析】 B考查考生对题干中句子含义的理解以及对动词时态的掌握情况。由

33、题干中的“for many years”很多同学推断出应为现在完成时，但“when he was young”这个时间状语表明他打球是过去时，未持续到现在。由“regularly” 可知他过去经常打球，是一种过去的习惯性的动作，选B。8 全国卷 Linda，make sure the tables _ before the guests arrive. Abe set BsetCare set Dare setting【解析】 C考查动词时态语态。make sure意为“确信，确保”，set tables意为“摆放桌子”，结合语境应用被动形式。9 2010全国卷 Excuse me. I_ I

34、 was blocking your way. Adidnt realize Bdont realizeChavent realized Dwasnt realizing【解析】 A考查动词时态。这里应用一般过去时表示说话之前“没有意识到”。10My friend went to Canada three years ago. He_ there for a few months and then went to America. Awas living Bhas livedCwas lived Dlived【解析】 D句意为：我的朋友三年前去了加拿大，他在那里住了几个月，然后去了美国。由句意

35、可知，住在加拿大这个情况发生在过去，且已经结束，故用一般过去时。11四川卷 When shall we restart our business?Not until we _ our plan. Awill finish Bare finishingCare to finish Dhave finished【解析】 D考查动词时态。状语从句用现在时代替将来时，这里表示计划完成后，所以用现在完成时。12Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?Who _it? Awrites Bhas written Cwrote Dhad written【解

36、析】 C本题考查时态。题干中的答句问“谁写的这本书？”说明此书肯定是过去写的，所以用动词的过去式。13They_ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go. Ahad got Bgot Chave got Dget【解析】 B本题考查时态。句意为：他们得到了两张去加拿大的免费票，否则他们将永远也去不起。此题叙述事实，又发生在过去，选B。14The singer together with her band _invited to the concert. Did you en

37、joy that party?No, no sooner _than they sang their top hit Oh My Baby. Awas; I had left Bwere; I have goneCwas; had I left Dwere; did I leave【解析】 C主谓一致、时态及倒装的综合考查。主语(the singer)后面跟有together with引起的短语，谓语动词与前面的主语一致，所以要用was；否定词no sooner和than连用，且位于句首时，用部分倒装结构，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，相当于汉语的“一就”。15四川卷 Youve failed

38、 to do what you _ to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you. Awill expect Bwill be expectedCexpected Dwere expected【解析】 D考查动词时态。由语境“老师将批评你”，知道你没有完成应该做的，所以用过去时，expect sb. to do sth. 意为“期待某人做某事”，此处要用被动形式。16安徽卷 Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No. I _ the book，so I already knew the story.

39、 Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave read【解析】 B考查时态。句意为：“你对电影结果感到吃惊吗？”“不，我已经读过这本书，所以我已知道了这个故事。”“读书”是在“看电影”之前，故用过去完成时。17全国卷 Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No，I _ my homework all day yesterday. Awas doing Bwould doChad done Ddo【解析】 A考查动词时态。all day yesterday是信息词，暗示用过去进行时。18辽宁卷 I _ all the cook

40、ing for my family，but recently Ive been too busy to do it. Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done【解析】 B考查动词时态。第一句表示通常、一般性的一种状况，所以用一般现在时态。句意为：我为一家人做饭，但是最近我太忙不能做了。19全国卷 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _. Ais made Bwould makeCwas to be made Dhad made【解析】 C考查动词时态和语态。

41、make a fortune表“发财”，此处是被动语态，was to be made表示过去将来时，相当于would be made。20福建卷 Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the moneymaking jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns. Apromised Bwere promisedChave promised Dhave been promised【解析】 D考查动词时态。句意为：因为在离开家乡前被许诺的能挣钱的工作，每年大量的农民工涌入深圳。由句中arri

42、ve的时态可知此处的时态是现在时，又根据before leaving their hometowns可知在离开家乡前的承诺，强调结果，所以该空应为现在完成时。21福建卷 Guess what，weve got our visas for a shortterm visit to the UK this summer. How nice！You _ a different culture then. Awill be experiencingBhave experiencedChave been experiencingDwill have experienced【解析】 A考查动词时态。由第一

43、句可知：我们已经得到了暑假去英国旅行的短期签证，再由第二句中then可知：这是对去英国旅行的美好祝愿，动作尚未发生。因此时态应为将来进行时。22安徽卷 Weve spent too much money recently. Well，it isnt surprising. Our friends and relatives _ around all the time. Aare coming Bhad comeCwere coming Dhave been coming【解析】 D考查时态。句意为：“最近我们花钱太多了。”“一点也不奇怪。我们一直有朋友和亲戚来。”句中出现了明显的时间状语rec

44、ently和all the time。23北京卷 In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words _.Aare dropped BdropCare being dropped Dhave dropped【解析】 A本题考查动词的时态和语态。the “r” sounds和drop之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，要用被动语态；题目描述的是习惯做法，要用一般现在时态。24北京卷 Im not finished with my dinner yet.But our friends _f

45、or us. Awill wait BwaitChave waited Dare waiting【解析】 D本题考查动词的时态。根据第一句话可知，双方谈论的是正在发生的事情，故用现在进行时态。25Unfortunately，when I got to her flat, she_，so we had only a moment for a few words. Ajust left Bhad just leftChas just left Dwas just leaving【解析】 D考查时态。从后半句的“所以我们仅用一会儿时间说了几句话”可知，当说话人到达那位女士的公寓时，她正要离开，应该用

46、过去进行时表示过去马上要发生的动作。26Has Tom already finished his new story?I have no idea. He _it last month. Ahad written Bwas writingCwould write Dwrote【解析】 B本题考查时态。过去某个动作表示未完成或者不知道有没有完成时，用过去进行时态，句中是不知道有没有完成，所以本题选择B项。27How come your father can read books in German?Well, he _on a project with some German engineers

47、 for 3 years when he was young. Aworked Bwas workingChad worked Dwould work【解析】 A考查动词时态。尽管应答句中有3 years表时间段，但由时间状语从句可知此处是陈述过去的事实，故用一般过去时，选A。28Whats the problem, Sir?You _at least at a speed of about 100 miles per hour. Aare driving BdriveCwere driving Dhave been driving【答案】 C29Are you still very busy

48、?Yes，I _the report for the manager and it wont take long. Ahave just finishedBam just finishingChad just finishedDam just going to finish【解析】 B考查现在进行时态表示将来的用法。根据“it wont take long”推知，报告将要写完但并没有写完。30What are you going to do this afternoon?I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _quite early, so we _to the bookstore after that.Afinished; are going Bfinished; goCfinishes; are going Dfinishes; go【解析】 C由问句和答语I am going可知，要用将来时态，排除选项A和B；电影的开始和结束是电影院在时刻表中已有的计划，用一般现在时表示，而表示最近的打算或安排，则可用现在进行时表示。