Focus On Earth Science.ppt

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1、Chapter MenuLesson 1:LandformsLesson 2:Minerals and RocksLesson 3:Earths InteriorClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.landformuplifterosion2.1 LandformsLandforms Forces inside and outside Earth produce Earths diverse landforms.2.1 Landforms Landforms are features such as mountains,

2、plateaus, and plains.Uplift Is any process that moves the surface of Earth to a higher elevation Mountains and plateaus are a result of uplift.2.1 Landforms Earths internal energy produces uplift.Earths Interior Thermal energy from Earths interior moves toward the surface and causes matter in the in

3、terior to move upward. When melted rock moves to the surface, a mountain called a volcano can form.2.1 LandformsLandforms Shaped by Surface Processes Earths internal energy pushes up the land. Surface processes wear down the land.2.1 LandformsErosion Erosion is the wearing away of soil and rock. Mos

4、t erosion is done by water.2.1 LandformsCalifornia Landforms Yosemite Valley National Park Glaciers carved the U-shaped surface of the valley2.1 Landforms Lassen Volcanic National Park Features an active volcano Part of Cascade Mountain Range Shaped by Earths internal forces Mt. Shasta Cone-shaped v

5、olcano formed by sudden upliftMountains of California Sierra Nevada and Costal Ranges Formed by plate tectonic forces Are evidence of slow uplift2.1 LandformsValleys Some valleys are flat, nutrient rich land located next to mountain ranges. Some valleys are extremely important to agriculture.2.1 Lan

6、dformsBeaches Are temporary features Require constant sediment deposits from rivers Without rivers continuously adding more sand, beaches would disappear.2.1 LandformsErosion can be accomplished by _.A beachesB valleysC precipitationD clouds2.1 Landforms1.A2.B3.C4.DWhat is the source of energy for E

7、arths weather?A internal heatB uneven heating of Earths surface by the SunC uplift D matter in Earths interior moving upward2.1 Landforms1.A2.B3.C4.DLesson 1 ReviewValleys are especially fertile due to _.A their proximity to beaches and the oceanB loosed rock material and soil carried down mountains

8、 C their proximity to constantly erupting volcanoesD abundant rainfall provided by their location near bodies of water2.1 Landforms1.A2.B3.C4.Dmineraldensityrockmagmalavasedimentrock cycle2.2 Minerals and RocksWhat is Earth Made of? Minerals and rocks break down to form the soil. The solid part of E

9、arth is made of minerals and rocks.2.2 Minerals and RocksHow can minerals be defined by their properties?Minerals A mineral is a naturally occurring, generally inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. Around 3,800 different minerals have been identified. Most

10、 minerals are rareabout 30 are common.2.2 Minerals and RocksMineral IdentificationMineral Identifiers Naturally occurring Generally inorganiccan be organic Must be a solid Has a crystal structure Has a definite chemical composition2.2 Minerals and RocksMineral Identifiers (cont.)2.2 Minerals and Roc

11、ksCrystal Structure Atoms are arranged in an orderly fashion and posses repeating patterns. The smooth, flat surface of the crystal represents a well-organized internal structure.2.2 Minerals and RocksDefinite Composition Made up of a specific element The element must be in definite proportions.2.2

12、Minerals and Rocks Quartz, SiO2, shows you there are two oxygen atoms for every silicon atom in the quartz.Physical Properties Properties are observed or measured without changing identity of mineral. Need to test for combination of properties when identifying specific minerals.2.2 Minerals and Rock

13、sHardness You can test the hardness of a mineral by observing how easily it is scratched.2.2 Minerals and RocksColor and Streak A minerals color can help identify it because some have distinctive colors. Streak is the color of powder from a mineral. To test for streak, scratch the mineral across a t

14、ile of unglazed porcelain. Mineral may have a distinctive streak despite the outer color difference.2.2 Minerals and RocksLuster Luster is the way a mineral reflects light. Common words used to describe luster include earthy, glassy, greasy, metallic, shiny, and silky.2.2 Minerals and RocksCrystal S

15、hape Every mineral has unique crystal shape. Large, perfect crystals form underground while small imperfect crystals form on the Earths surface. A distinct shape is called a crystal habit.2.2 Minerals and RocksCleavage and Fracture Describes the way a mineral breaks If a mineral breaks along a smoot

16、h, flat surface, it displays cleavage. If a mineral breaks along a rough, irregular surface, it displays fracture.2.2 Minerals and RocksDensity Density is the amount of matter per unit volume. Metals have high densities compared to non-metals. Using density, minerals can be identified. 2.2 Minerals

17、and RocksOther Properties Magnetite is magnetic. When Calcite reacts chemically to acids, it fizzes. If you look at an object through a clear calcite crystal, you can see two images of the object.2.2 Minerals and RocksUses of Minerals Valued for beauty Used for their special properties Valued for th

18、eir rareness Valued for industrial purposes2.2 Minerals and RocksGems Are minerals people collect for their beauty Have intense color, a glassy luster, and are 7+ on the hardness scale Examples include diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires2.2 Minerals and RocksRocks Is a natural solid mixture of par

19、ticles2.2 Minerals and Rocks Mountains, valleys, and the seafloor are made of rocks.How Rocks Are Classified Are grouped based on how they formed igneous metamorphic sedimentary There are 3 major groups:2.2 Minerals and RocksIgneous Rocks Igneous rocks are formed from magma. As the temperature of ma

20、gma decreases, crystals of minerals begin to form. Lava is magma on the surface of the Earth.2.2 Minerals and RocksMetamorphic Rock New rock forms when solid rocks are squeezed, heated, or exposed to fluids Original rock is called the parent rock. New rock may have different texture and mineral comp

21、osition than the parent rock2.2 Minerals and RocksSedimentary Rock Formed when rocks break down into smaller pieces or dissolve in water Formed by water, ice, wind, and gravity Often layered in nature Weight of the material above creates the cemented layers2.2 Minerals and RocksThe Rock Cycle Forces

22、 on Earths surface and deep within the planets drive this cycle.2.2 Minerals and Rocks It can take thousands to millions of years for rocks to go through the rock cycle.The Rock Cycle (cont.) Circles show different Earth material.2.2 Minerals and Rocks The arrows represent the processes that change

23、the material.The Rock Cycle (cont.)2.2 Minerals and RocksWhich is NOT a physical property used to identify minerals?A hardnessB colorC flammabilityD cleavage2.2 Minerals and Rocks1.A2.B3.C4.DWhich type of rock is formed at the highest temperature?A sedimentaryB metamorphicC igneousD sandstone2.2 Min

24、erals and Rocks1.A2.B3.C4.DIn order to be classified a mineral, it must _.A occur on the surface of the EarthB be in a gaseous formC occur naturally and possess a definite chemical compositionD be organic2.2 Minerals and Rocks1.A2.B3.C4.D2.3 Earths InteriorcrustmantleasthenospherelithospherecoreLaye

25、rs and Seismic Waves Earths interior has a layered structure. Earthquakes produce seismic waves. The speed and direction of the seismic waves change in relation to the property and material changes in the Earth.2.3 Earths InteriorCrust Is the thin, rocky outer layer of Earth Ocean crust is thin and

26、dense compared to continental crust.2.3 Earths InteriorMantle Lies below the crust and is the thick middle layer of Earths interior Made of peridotite, is brittle, and contains a lot of oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron Mantle rock is denser than the crust2.3 Earths InteriorAsthenosphere Lies 100

27、km to 250 km below the surface Very hot layer that allows for small bits of rock to melt and causes the rock to flow very slowly (a few cm a year)2.3 Earths InteriorLithosphere Is the brittle, outer layer of Earth formed by the crust and uppermost mantle2.3 Earths InteriorCore Is the dense metallic

28、center of Earth Outer layer is molten metal due to extremely high temperature Inner layer is solid due to extremely high pressure.2.3 Earths InteriorCore (cont.)Convection Is the movement of thermal energy in a fluid Transfers thermal energy in the outer core and mantle Convection in the mantle is i

29、mportant for plate tectonics. 2.3 Earths InteriorDensity Depends on individual composition, pressure, and temperature Mantle and crust rock are less dense than the core material, therefore the metallic core material sinks to the center of the Earth. As pressure increases, density increases. As densi

30、ty decreases, temperature increases.2.3 Earths InteriorEarths Magnetic Field Produced by convection in the outer core As the Earth spins on its axis, convection currents of molten iron produce a magnetic field around the planet.2.3 Earths InteriorThe Earths crust is _.A thin and rockyB more dense th

31、an the layer belowC made of oceanic (the least dense) and continental (the most dense) rocksD mostly made of sedimentary rocks2.3 Earths Interior1.A2.B3.C4.DThe core of the Earth _.A is made up of two layersB has temperature effects that outweigh pressure effects in the inner coreC has pressure effe

32、cts that outweigh temperature effects in the outer coreD is made up mostly of oxygen and nitrogen gases2.3 Earths Interior1.A2.B3.C4.DWhat is the relationship between pressure and density in a solid?A as pressure decreases, density increasesB as pressure increases, density increasesC as pressure dec

33、reases, density triplesD there is no relationship2.3 Earths Interior1.a2.b3.c4.dChapter Resources MenuClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.Chapter AssessmentCalifornia Standards PracticeConcepts in MotionImage BankScience OnlineInteractive Table Virtual LabBrainPOPThe Sierra Nevada

34、 Range is an example of _.A a volcanoB a valleyC slow upliftD sudden uplift1.A2.B3.C4.DAn example of a low density mineral is _.A basaltB olivineC magnetiteD quartz1.A2.B3.C4.DCrystal structure properties must include _.A atoms arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern B a hardness of 7+C a definite

35、 streak colorD only one color per mineral1.A2.B3.C4.DA mineral has cleavage if it _.A reflects lightB has a distinct shape called a crystal habitC breaks along a smooth, flat surfaceD breaks along a rough, irregular surface1.A2.B3.C4.DMetamorphic rock is formed _.A when solid rocks are squeezed or h

36、eated B when sediment is depositedC only in the oceanD only in the Earths core1.A2.B3.C4.DWhat are Earths layers from outer to inner?A crust, asthenosphere, core B asthenosphere, lithosphere, coreC core, lithosphere, asthenosphere, D crust, core, mantleSCI 1.b1.A2.B3.C4.DBeaches are _.A evidence of

37、currents moving parallel to shoreB permanent featuresC only found along the oceanD the result of volcanoesSCI 2.c1.A2.B3.C4.DThe ore used to make wires to conduct electricity comes from the mineral _.A hematiteB gabbroC magnetiteD malachiteSCI 6.c1.A2.B3.C4.DWhich statement is true about minerals?A

38、They are man-made.B They can not be organic.C They are naturally occurring and can be inorganic or organic.D They are only found on the surface of the Earth.SCI 6.b1.A2.B3.C4.DAn increase in pressure just below the asthenosphere causes the rock located in that layer to _.A meltB remain solidC decrease in densityD change into magmaSCI 1.f1.A2.B3.C4.DImage BankInteractive Table