世界经济学.doc

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1、【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流世界经济学.精品文档.A SURVEY OF WORLD ECONOMYIntroduction What is WORLD ECONOMY?WORLD ECONOMY refers to the entirety of all the national economies which are linked together with different economic links.What is WORLD ECONOMICS?WORLD ECONOMICS is a branch of ECONOMICS which studies t

2、he WORLD ECONOMY.The start of the study:at the end of 1970sIn 1980-China World Economy AcademyThe source of this branch of study:a branch - Economicsbackground and necessary conditions : International division of labour international trade the world market the world economy. The objects of the branc

3、h of study: the international relations of production. 1. to study the national economies of the countries in the world, which are parts of the world economy2. to study the international economic relations. mechanism links the national economies togetherdifferent economic linksinternational division

4、 of labourgoodsservice capitaltransfer of technology.3. to study the world economy as a whole. the laws of the changes and development of the world economyworld economy studies the system of economic development human beings- the principal part of the system the environment and the resources of the

5、earth - the base for the systemChapter One Scientific Revolution and the World Economy1. the development of productive forces : the scientific and technological revolutions in the history of human beings; the significance and impact of the revolutions 2. the formation and development of the world ec

6、onomy as a result of the scientific and technological revolutionsbibliography:1. Basic Economics, Hailstones & Mastrianna, 9th edition, South-Western Publishing Co. , Cincinnati, Ohio, 19922. Economics Today, roger Leroy Miller, 9th edition, Adisson-Wesley Education Educational Publishes Inc., 19973

7、. 世界经济学 张伯里 主编 中共中央党校出版社 2004年7月第1版4. 当代世界经济王广信 赵丽娜 主编 人民出版社 2002年3月第1版5. 世界经济新论 庄起善 主编 复旦大学出版社2004年8月第1版6. 世界经济概论 池元吉 主编 高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版I. the development of the Productive Forces and the Formation of the World Economy1. the influence of the Renaissance and of the Discovery of the new continentth

8、e primitive economic system- low productive forces- no world economy Renaissance liberated peoplethe beginning of the Renaissance- Dantes Commedia (14th century) Renaissance: the intermediate between the Middle Ages and the modern times;the beginning of capitalist cultural ideasthe product of the ne

9、w, rising capitalist relations of productionideological feature: humanism, the enlightenment: in 18th centuryIn 1492, Columbus discovered the new continent. the new sea route European ports -international trade centers: London, Antwerp, Lisbona solid base for the big jump of the economy.2. the impac

10、t of the first scientific and technological revolution on the world economyIn 18th century, the first scientific and technological revolutionsteam engine - work continuouslymachine makes machinesmore products for the marketsteam boat and steam engine train - revolution in the transport industrythe c

11、apitalist mode of production Industry was totally separated from farming. object of the capitalist mode of production: profit-pursuingmarkets- raw materialsthe world market- the world economy3. the impact of the second scientific and technological revolution on the world ecnomyTime: in the 19th cent

12、uryGermany and the United States : the heroes Electricity : a new kind of power Other things: radio, cable, telephone, internal combustion engine, new skills for steel-making, new technology in chemical industry heavy industryautomobile industry - the oil industryThe second scientific and technologi

13、cal revolution started in heavy industryIndustry the most import section in the national economies.More industrialized countries import raw materials and export finished productsfarming countries export agricultural products and other raw materials, import industry goodsthe international division of

14、 labour developed furtherScience and technology acted and reacted on each other.the study on the basic theories and the scientific research worknew inventions: new communication methods, big steel-made boat, cars and trucks, and even airplanetransport (more quick, safe, convenient and cheep) interna

15、tional exchange of goods the world market the system of the international division of labour more efficient production the world market (for raw materials and finished goods ) closer relation of the countries tied together by the world market4. the formation and development of the world economy a) T

16、he development and formation of the world economy was a result of the scientific and technological revolutions b) The system of international division of labourThe economic ties between the suzerain states and its colonies or between the advanced industry countries and the countries producing raw ma

17、terials became more strengthened. a world market formed. c) the industry capital - the banking capital financial capital financial oligarch the export of capitald) the international monetary system established a world currency or currencies gold and silver acted as the world currencies the gold stan

18、dard was establishedThe gold standard had 3 features First: It established a system of fixed exchange rate between participating countries. Stable exchange rates were considered a necessary ingredient to increase trade among nations.Second: the gold standard limited the rate of growth in a countrys

19、money supply. This was due to the fact that all “money” had to be backed by gold, and the supply of gold in the world increased slowly during this period of time in history.Third: Gold served as an automatic adjustment tool for countries experiencing balance of payments problems. If a country was ru

20、nning a balance of payments deficit, gold would, by market forces, flow out of the country, decreasing economic activity and pushing the balance of payments back toward balance. II. the third scientific and technological revolution caused great improvement in productive forces1. The factors which ca

21、used the third scientific and technological revolutiona. the development of science and technology b. the motivation of capital for profitsc. the governments support for the scientific researchd. cold war made the west and the east compete for the military equipments2. the impact of third scientific

22、 and technological revolutiontime: started at the end of 1940splace: from the US - the former Soviet Union, Japan, and the west Europe and then the other countries. Peak: at the end of 1960s. symbols : nuclear power, computer and space technology New power, new materials and electronic technology ma

23、de the third revolution much more remarkable than the first two ones. nuclear power - the shortage of energy and resources - supports quicker development of the science, technology and the production.Man-made new materialscomplex materials - in the aviation or space technology, now even in car indus

24、try. Plastic- used in many places Computer totally changes our life. computer to operate machinethe improvement of the international division of labour - the vertical one and the horizontal one the specialization of the multinational corporations (MNCs) the global operative strategies : the internat

25、ional arrangement for the R&D projects, production and marketing, the flow of capital and so on. the reproduction cycle international : production distribution exchange and consume - internationalthe factors of production international: capital, technology, raw materials and labour international. Th

26、e internationalization of production may push the productive forces to rise to a new level. Conclusion:division of labour rise of productive forces efficiency of the production frequency of exchange of goods the early system of the capitalist international division of labour -the first scientific an

27、d technological revolution the world market, the world currency, the system of the capitalist international division of labour the beginning of world economythe second scientific and technological revolutionthe improvement of the system of the capitalist international division of labour (early stage

28、 of internationalization of production) the world market (barriers to trade and surplus of capital the export of capital) international monetary system world economyThen the world economy finally established.the third scientific and technological revolutionthe (mature) system of the capitalist inter

29、national division of labour (internationalization of production) the world market world economyThree steps for world economy: goods (international) (or the internationalization of goods)capital(international) (or the internationalization of capitals) production (international, after the 3rd scientif

30、ic and technological revolution) (or the internationalization of production)Now the world economy becomes so important that almost every country is involved in it and has its own roles in it. Of course, some countries have more important roles in it. Others may have less important roles in it.III. t

31、he intenerating of the capitalist industry structurethe reproduction cycle - the comparative decreasing input -the comparative increasing input labour-intensive and resources-intensive industries knowledge-intensive and technology-intensive industries.There are two kinds of intenerating of the indus

32、try: 1. Intensive intenerating : within one industry, the input of manual labour decreases, but the input for R&D, information service and so on increase. 2. Extensive intenerating : sections which may provide other sections with services of information and knowledge appear to be more important. IV.

33、 the trends and laws of the scientific and technological revolution.1. the trends: the changes become quicker and quickerthe result of the changes provides a base for a new revolution.2. the laws:1) the progress of science and technology becomes quicker e.g. steam engine: from research to putting in

34、to production- 100 yearstelephone-56 yearsradio-35 yearsairplane-14 yearstelevision-12 yearstransistor- 5 yearssolar cell- 2 years2) the leading industries:The time for the exchange of the leading industries becomes shorter.3) the change of scientific structure:Scientific structure: a) people (their

35、 number, their age, and their level)b) their specialization (the basic theory, applying theory, natural science, social science, hardware, and software etc. )c) the lab and the equipments and so ond) the information resources and education level The scientific structure is always in a dynamic state.

36、 Questions: 1. How do you understand “the world economy”?2. How the world economy was formed?3. Please illustrate the impact of the first and the second scientific and technological revolution on the formation of the world economy.4. Please illustrate the impact of the third scientific and technolog

37、ical revolution on the world economy.5. How the third scientific and technological revolution promoted the globalization of the economy?Chapter Two The Productive Forces and the cycle of the world economy1. business cycle2. the economic cycles of the world economy after the World War II the features

38、 of the cycles3. the new economy and the cyclebibliography:1. Basic Economics, Hailstones & Mastrianna, 9th edition, South-Western Publishing Co. , Cincinnati, Ohio, 19922. Economics Today, roger Leroy Miller, 9th edition, Adisson-Wesley Education Educational Publishes Inc., 19973. Economics, N.Greg

39、ory Mankiw, 3rd edition, Tsinghua University Press 20064. 世界经济学 张伯里 主编 中共中央党校出版社 2004年7月第1版5. 当代世界经济王广信 赵丽娜 主编 人民出版社 2002年3月第1版6. 世界经济新论 庄起善 主编 复旦大学出版社2004年8月第1版7. 世界经济概论 池元吉 主编 高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版1. business cyclebasic problem for the capitalism- the development of industry is always interrupted by p

40、eriodic economic crisis. This makes the economic growth in the capitalist countries unstable.striking feature - instability, fluctuationsBusiness cycle: the rise and fall of economic activity relative to the economys long-term growth trend. As the cycle progresses, all parts of the economy display m

41、arked changes in activity as they move through distinctive periods usually called trough, expansion, peak, and contraction. Production, prices, income, and employment activities all show characteristic changes during the cycle; in fact, no part of the economy is free from this cycle. Extensive studi

42、es have shown that these cyclical fluctuations are found in economies throughout the world.1. Real or physical causes : v Innovation Theory: the theory that business cycles are caused by breakthroughs in the form of new products, new methods, new machines, or new techniques.v Agricultural Theories:

43、theories of the business cycle that relate the general level of business activity to the weather.2. psychological causes:v Psychological Theory: the theory that when investors and consumers react according to some belief about future conditions, their actions tend to transform their outlook into rea

44、lity.Rational Expectations Theory: an economic theory suggesting that individuals and business act or react according to what they think is going to happen in the future after considering all available information.3. monetary causes:Monetary Theories: theories that the business cycles is caused by t

45、he free and easy expansion of the money supply.4. spending and saving causes:Under-consumption Theories: theories that the business cycle is caused by the failure to spend all national income, resulting in unsold goods, reduced total production, and consequent reductions in employment and income.v T

46、he economy does not distribute enough income among the factors of production to permit purchase of all the goods and services produced by the economy.v The economy does distribute enough purchasing power to buy the total goods and services produced but that not all the income or purchasing power is

47、used.Circular flow of incomev Circular flow of income is the cyclical operation of demand, production, income, and new demand.v Income =demand production distribution (enough) (income)= new demandv Income spending ( less demand) leakagesv Leakages are flows out of the circular flow that occur when f

48、actor income is received and not spent directly on purchases.v Injections are added spending in the circular flow that are not paid for out of factor income.v Underinvestment Theory: the theory that recessions occur because of inadequate investment in the economy.v spending on consumption is less th