2022年并列连词和从属连词.docx

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1、并列连词和从属连词连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用;连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词;并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句;如:and, but, or, nor, so,therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both and, not only but also, either or, neither等等;1. 并列连词并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词;短语或句子;并列连词包括:基本并列连词如 and, or , but , 关联连词如 either.or ,

2、 neither.nor , not only.but also ,both .and, whether.or 等;介于并列连词与从属连词之间的连词;介于并列连词与从属连词或介词之间的结构如as well as , as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等;此外仍有些 半连接词 ,一些语法学家把它们称为连接副词,如 nevertheless, however, meanwhile, otherwise, likewise等,它们在句中做连接性状语;这类连词主要是从规律上,而不是从形式上连接句子,其关系比较松散;1) 表示意义转折和对

3、比的并列连词常见的有: but , while, whereas, still, yet , nevertheless, likewise, anyway , only , conversely , on the contrary, by this time, all the same , fortunately, on the other hand , in the meantime等词语;2) 表示挑选的并列连词常见的有: or, whether.or, either.or, otherwise等;例如:Either .or 和 whether.or 表示挑选,其意义比单用or 要强,但由

4、 whetrher.or 构成的并列结构一般只能担任句子的从属成分;上例中最终一句,whether.or 结构在句中担任句子的从属成分;Either .or 和 or 一样,可以连接两个并列的独立分句,而whether.or 就不行以; or 用于表示否定的条件意义时,有时可与连用;Or 连接主语时,如主语都是单数,动词就取单数形式;如主语都是复数,动词就取复数形式,假如主语有的是复数,动词就取复数形式,假如主语有的是单数,有的是复数,动词的数就与它靠近的主语的数相一样;连接两个主语时,动词的数也应与靠近他的主语的数相一样;例如:Neither he nor I am a good stude

5、nt.3) 表示因果意义的并列并列连词常见的有: for ,so ,therfore ,hence ,thus, accordingly, consepuently, on that account, in that case等;例如:The fuel must have beeenfinished, for the engine stopped. It rained , therefore the game was called off.表示缘由的并列连词只有for ,它所引导的分句只是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断缘由;for 引导的分句只能置于句末,而且必需用逗号与前一分句隔开;上面所提到

6、的so,therefore 等词,有的语法学家把它们做为连接性状语;4) 表示联合关系的并列连词常见的有: and, both.and, neither.nor, not only. but also等;当 neither.nor, not only .but also连接主语时,动词的数就与靠近它的主语的数相一样;Both .and 不能连接两个以上的并列成分,也不能连接分句;例如:误:Both Mary swept the floor and Nancy mopped it.5) 其它并列连词常见的有: as well as, more than, rather than, no less

7、 than 等.(1) as well as 表示 同 和 也 的意义as well as 用作并列连词时它意义相当于not only.but also, 但侧重点在后一并列成分上而as well as 侧重点却在前一并列成分上,A as well as B=not only B but also A.(2) more than 表示而不是之意 . 例如 :(3) rather than 表示 而不是 之意 .(4) no less than 表示 同 . 一样 之意 .当 as well as ,more than, rather than, no less than 连接两个成分作主语时谓

8、语动词应于第一个成分的数相一样. 在使用并列连词时我们应当留意:(1) 并列连词不行以连用 .(2) 有些连接性状语副词可以和某些从属连词对应使用.(3) 在 for 或 so that 引出的分句中假如主语与前一分句的主语所指相同其主语不行以省略. 同样, 假如其次个分句是由连接副词引出的其主语通常也不行省略. 例如 :2. 从属连词从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语从句;从属连词按词形分为简洁从属连词,复合从属连词,关连从属连词;1) 简洁从属连词常见的有: after, although, as, because, before, if, lest,once, since, that,

9、 till, unless, until, when, where, whether, while 等;例如:2) 复合从属连词由两个或两个以上单词构成的从属连词,如: as if, as far as , as soon as, according as , in case , no matter whohow,what,when, where, rather than, for all that , given that, in order that, now that, on condition that , so that ,provided/providingthat, inasmu

10、ch as , insofar as 等;3) 关联从属连词由两个关联构成的,如: as.as, noreless,-er.than, no sooner.than, so .as ,so.that,such.sa , the.the, whether.or 等, 使用从属连词时,应当留意(1) 由从属连词引导的状语从句,其位置通常是可变的;(2) 并列连词之间之前不行以加其它连词,而从属连词之前可以加并列连词;连接副词;使用连词时 , 仍应当留意 :1. because, for, since, as 的区分because语气强 , 表示客观必定缘由:例如: He is absent, be

11、cause he is ill. 由于生病,所以他没来;比较 :He is absent, for he is busy. ( “生病 ”是“缺席 ”的必定缘由, “忙”不是必定缘由;)for 语气轻 ,表示非客观必定的缘由,是主观可转变结果的缘由,甚至是推测可能的缘由 :He must be ill, for he is absent. for 不能放句首 ,它是并列连词 .缺席 ”不肯定是“生病 ”,只是沟通推测;since, as 都是不讲自明的缘由 , 是已知的缘由 .Since I am a boy, let me carry the case.As you dont feel we

12、ll,you had better stay at home.综观近几年全国各省市的高考题,我们发觉均加大了对连词应用的考查;由此可见连词在英语学习和运用中的重要性,下面我们结合相关的例句和学问点来分析和把握连词的考查方向和内容;一、并列连词1. 表并列关系(联合关系):and, but, not but, not only but() , neither nor 等;【留意1】 bothand(两者都),连接句子的两个主语时,其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式;not only but()与neither nor 就实行“就近原就”;如: She plays not only the piano

13、, but ( also) the guitar.Neither you nor he is to blame.【留意 2】 not only but ( also)与 as well as 两者强调对象不同:not only but also 强调的是but( also)之后部分,而 as well as 就强调其前面的部分;谓语动词单复数判定上not only but ( also)实行“就近原就”,而as well as,就实行“就远原就”;如: Mr. Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a

14、visit.【留意 3】 not only but( also)结构中的 not only 可用于句首引导从句,在这种情形下该从句的主语和谓语要倒装;如: Not only is he clever, but also he is hard working.Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her.2. 表转折关系: but, yet, still, while, however, when等;【留意 4】 while 可以表示“尽管、即使”;另外,while 仍可以表示两者进行对比的用法;如: Bob likes pla

15、ying basket ball, while his brother likes football.She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress.3. 表挑选关系: or, otherwise, or else, either or 等;【留意 5】 either or 句型中谓语的单复数形式也要实行“就近原就”;如: We must hurry, or we ll miss the train.Either Jim or you are going t

16、o attend the course.4. 表因果关系: for, since, because, as, so, thus, therefore, and so等;如: We had better stay at home, for it was raining.He didn t work hard, therefeorhe failed in the examination. He was late for class because he got up late.二、从属连词1. when, while,as 都表示“当时候”:when 引导的从句的动作与主句的动作可同时发生,也可先

17、后发生; as 和 while 引导的从句就强调主句和从句的动作同时发生;如: When I got to the station, the train had already left.He sang merrily as he was working.2. till,until均表示“到时候为止”,确定句中的谓语必需是连续性动作;如主句谓语是终止性动词,就主句要用否定形式,意为动作“到才”开头发生;如: I worked till late at night.She didn t get up until her mother came in.【留意 6】 till 和 until 通常情

18、形下可以互换,只是在句首时until 比 till 更常用;3. though, although 均引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然”,但although 较正式, though 最常用;如: We had to wait half an hour although we had already booked a table.【留意 7】 though 和 although 引导的从句不能与buthowever 连用,但可以与yet still 连用; though 仍可以与别的词结合使用,如even though as though, although 就不能这样搭配;4. no sooner

19、 than, hardly when, as soon as三者都表示“一就”,“刚刚就”的意思;【留意 8】 as soon as置于主句前后都可以,而且各种时态均可作用;如: As soon as she gets here I ll tell her about it.【留意 9】 hardly when, no sooner than 不能表示将来的事,其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时,从句就用过去时;如将hardly 或 no sooner 放在句首,句子要倒装;如: She had hardly reached there when it began to rain.5. 某些表示

20、时间的名词(词组)也可用作从属连词引导时间状语从句;它们是:the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the time, the first( cond, third ) time, the spring ( summer, autumn, winter ) , every() , next, time( ay) , by the time 等;如: His mother died the spring he returned.Call me up the minute he arrives.6. if, once, unless, in ca

21、se 四者都表示“条件”,但if 意为“假如、假使”;once 意为“一旦”; unless意为“除非”; in case意为“万一、以防”;如: I won t call you, unless something unexpected happens.Once you begin, you must continue.7. after , since, till until, before 这些词既是介词,又是连词;如: The children went home at once after school.They went to bed after they had finished

22、the job.并列连词 when 和引导时间状语从句的从属连词when 是不同的;这主要表现在以下几个方面:1. 位置:when 引导时间状语从句时,该从句可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后;而并列连词when 只能位于两个分句之间,而且前面经常有逗号;例如:Come when you please.你兴奋来就来吧;(when 为从属连词) When I saw him , he was writing to a friend of his.我观察他时,他在给一个伴侣写信;(when 为从属连词) I was taking a walk , when I came across him.我正在闲

23、逛,突然碰见了他;2. 意义: when 作从属连词用时,它所引导的从句表示主句中谓语动词动作发生的时间,即作“当时”解;而并列连词when 连接的两个分句中,第一个分句表示的是背景,其次个分句表示的是一种突然的、意想不到的情形或过早发生的事情;when 通常含“这时突然”之义;例如:I was thinking of this , when I heard my name called.我正想着这件事,突然听到有人叫我的名字;I had just fallen asleep, when the boor-bellrang.我刚入睡,门铃突然响了起来;这种意义在孤立的句子中可以懂得到,在文章中

24、更能体会得到;如在“ I was wandering through the street when I caught sight of a tailors shop”一句中,“在街头闲逛”只是“观察有家缝纫店”的时间,其后作者怎样走进缝纫店,想要什么样的衣服,怎样受到伙计的讽刺,又怎样受到老板的奉承等情形均与“闲逛街头”没有直接的因果关系;3. 时态: when 引导的时间状语从句中可以依据句意的需要用一般现在时、一般过去时、过去进行时、分别说明现在,过去,甚至将来的行为;并列连词when 后面的分句中通常用非连续性动词的一般过去时,其前表时间的分句中可用:( 1 )过去进行时表示过去某时间

25、正在进行的动作;例如:I was cooking when I heard her knocking at the door.我正在做饭,突然听到她敲门的声音;He was thinking about the problem, when an apple fell to theground.他正在摸索这个问题,突然有一只苹果掉到了地上;( 2 ) was /were going to , was / were aboutto, was / were on the point of 表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作;例如:I was just going when hecame in.我刚要走,

26、这时他就进来了;We were about to start when it began to rain.我们刚要动身天就开头下起雨来了; He was on the point of leaving, when someone knocked at the door.他刚要走就有人敲门;( 3 )过去完成时表示过早发生的事情;请看下述两种场合:( a )过去完成时和含否定意义的 hardly , scarcely, nearly 连用,和 just , little连用,或者与否定词not 连用时,表示“刚, 就”的意思;例如:I had hardly opened the door whe

27、n he hit me.我刚一开门他就打了我一下;I had nearly reached the town , when the young man suddenly said very slowly,“ Do you speak English ?”我快要进城了,年轻人突然渐渐地说:“你会讲英语吗?”I had been there little more than a week when I settoworkinearnest.我到那儿仍不超过一个星期就开头仔细干起活来;I had not been reading for half an hour when I heard steps

28、 outside.我读了仍不到半个钟头就听到外面有脚 步声;( b )过去完成时与 hardly 等连用时, when 也可以换成 before . 例如: Hardly had I left beforethe trouble started.我刚一离开麻烦就开头了;4. 句型: when 引导状语从句时,主句可以是确定句, 也可以是疑问句形式,但when 连接两个并列分句时,其前的分句只能是确定句,即只能是不带否定副词not 的分句;前文( 3 )( a )最终一个例句算是一个例外;试比较: Mick was sleeping when they went in.(并列句)迈克正在睡觉,他们突然走了进来; When they came in Mick was sleeping. (主从句)他们进来时迈克正在睡觉;“ Was Mick sleeping when they came in ?”和“ What was Mick doing when they came in ?”只能是对其中主句的提问,由于这时 when 所引导的分句既无突然性也不是句子中的未知信息,而只是另一个动作发生的特定时间;

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