2022年交通工程专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献.docx

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1、精品学习资源土木工程学院交通工程专业中英文翻译Road Design专业： 交 通 工 程英文原文The Basics of a Good RoadWe have known how to build good roads for a longtime. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using thesame principles w

2、e use today. Some of these roads arestill in service.If you follow the basic concepts of road building, youwill create a road that will last. The ten commandmentsof a good road are:（1） Get water away from the road（2） Build on a firm foundation（3） Use the best materials（4） Compact all layers properly

3、（5） Design for traffic loads and volumes（6） Design for maintenance（7） Pave only when ready（8） Build from the bottom up（9） Protect your investment（10） ） Keep good records1. Get water away from the roadWe can t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least90% of a road

4、 sproblems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any layer of a road sstructuarne wceaken that layer, leading to failure.In the surface layer, water can cause cracks andpotholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causingcracks and potholes. A common sign of

5、water in anasphalt road surface is alligator cracking an interconnectedpattern of cracks forming small irregular shapedpieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frostheaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point tomoisture problems.To prevent these problems remember that water:. flow

6、s downhill. needs to fl ow someplace欢迎下载精品学习资源. is a problem if it is not flowingEffective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose ofwater. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems.Divert Interceptor ditches, located between the roadand higher

7、ground along the road, keep the water fromreaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so theycarry water away from the road.Drain Creating a crown in the road so it is higheralong the centerline than at the edges encourages waterto flow off the road. Typically a paved crown should be1.4 higher th

8、an the shoulder for each foot of width fromthe centerline to the edge. For gravel surfaces the crownshould be1.2 higher per foot of width. For this flow pathto work, the road surface must be relatively water tight.Road shoulders also must be sloped away from the roadto continue carrying the flow awa

9、y. Superelevationsbanking at the outside of curves will also help drainthe road surface.Dispose A ditch and culvert system carries water awayfrom the road structure. Ditches should be at least onefoot lower than the bottom of the gravel road layer thatdrains the roadway. They must be kept clean and

10、mustbe sloped to move water into natural drainage. If waterstays in the ditches it can seep back into the roadstructure and undermine its strength. Ditches should alsobe protected from erosion by planting grass, or installingrock and other erosion control measures. Erosion candamage shoulders and di

11、tches, clog culverts, undermineroadbeds, and contaminate nearby streams and lakes.Evaluate your ditch and culvert system twice a yearto ensure that it works. In the fall, clean out leaves andbranches that can block flow. In spring, checkfor andremove silts from plowing and any dead plantmaterialleft

12、 from the fall.2. Build on a firm foundationA road is only as good as its foundation. A highway wearsout from the top down but falls apart from the bottom.The road base must carry the entire structure and thetraffic that uses it.To make a firm foundation you may need to stabilizethe roadbed with che

13、mical stabilizers, large stone calledbreaker run, or geotextile fabric. When you run intoconditions where you suspect that the native soil isunstable, work with an engineer to investigate thesituation and design an appropriate solution.3. Use the best materialsWith all road materials you“ pay now or

14、 pay later.” Inferior materials may require extensive maintenancethroughout the road s life. They may also force you toreplace the road prematurely.Crushed aggregate is the best material for the basecourse. The sharp angles of thecrushed material interlockwhen they are compacted. This supports the p

15、avementand traffic by transmitting the load from particle toparticle. By contrast, rounded particles act like ballbearings, moving under loads.Angular particles are more stable than rounded particles.Asphalt and concrete pavement materials must be ofthe highest quality, designed for the conditions,

16、obtainedfrom established firms, and tested to ensure it meetsspecifications.4. Compact all layersIn general, the more densely a material is compacted, thestronger it is. Compaction also shrinks or eliminates openspaces voids between particles. This means that lesswater can enter the structure. Water

17、 in soil can weakenthe structure or lead to frost heaves. This is especiallyimportant for unsurfaced gravel roads. Use gravel whichhas a mix of sizes well-graded欢迎下载精品学习资源aggregate so smallerparticles can fill the voids between larger ones. Good compaction of asphalt pavement lengthens its life.5. D

18、esign for traffic loadsand volumesDesign for the highest anticipated load the road will carry.A road that has been designed only for cars will not standup to trucks. One truck with 9 tons on a single rear axledoes as much damage to a road as nearly 10,000 cars.Rural roads may carry log trucks, milk

19、trucks, firedepartment pumper trucks, or construction equipment.If you don t know what specific loads the road will carry,a good rule of thumb is to design for the largest piece ofhighway maintenance equipment that will be used onthe road.A well-constructed and maintained asphalt roadshould last 20

20、years without major repairs or reconstruction.In designing a road, use traffic counts that projectnumbers and sizes of vehicles 20 years into the future.These are only projections, at best, but they will allowyou to plan for traffic loadings through a road s life.6. Design for maintenanceWithout mai

21、ntenance a road will rapidly deteriorate andfail. Design your roads so they can be easily maintained.This means:. adequate ditches that can be cleaned regularly. culverts that are marked for easy locating in the spring. enough space for snow after it is plowed off the road. proper cross slopes for s

22、afety, maintenance and toavoid snow drifts. roadsides that areplanted or treated to prevent erosion. roadsides that can be mowed safelyA rule of thumb for adequate road width is to makeit wide enough for a snowplow to pass another vehiclewithout leaving the travelled way.Mark culverts with a post so

23、 they can be located easily.7. Pave only when readyIt is not necessary to pave all your roads immediately.There is nothing wrong with a well-built and wellmaintainedgravel road if traffic loads and volume donot require a paved surface. Three hundred vehicles perday is the recommended minimum to just

24、ify paving.Don t assume that laying down asphalt will fix a gravelroad that is failing. Before you pave,make sure you havean adequate crushed stone base that drains well and isproperly compacted. The recommended minimum depthof crushed stone base is 10 depending on subgrade soils.A road paved only w

25、hen it is ready will far outperformone that is constructed too quickly.8. Build from the bottom upThis commandment may seem obvious, but it meansthat you shouldn t top dressroresurface a road if theproblem is in an underlying layer. Before you do anyroad improvement, locate thecause of any surfacepr

26、oblems. Choose an improvement technique that willaddress the problem. This may mean recycling orremoving all road materials down to the native soil andrebuilding everything. Doing any work that doesn t solvethe problem is a waste of money and effort.9. Protect your investmentThe road system can be y

27、our municipality s biggestinvestment. Just as a home needs painting or a new roo f,a road must be maintained. Wisconsin s severe climaterequires more road maintenance than in milder places.Do these important maintenance activities:Surface grade, shape, patch, seal cracks,control dust, remove snow an

28、d ice欢迎下载精品学习资源Drainage clean and repair ditches and culverts；remove all excess material Roadside cut brush, trim trees and roadsideplantings, control erosionTraffic service clean and repair or replace signsDesign roads with adequate ditches so they can bemaintained with a motor grader. Clean and gr

29、ade ditchesto maintain proper pitch and peak efficiency. After grading,remove all excess material from the shoulder.10. Keep good recordsYour maintenance will be more efficient with goodrecords. Knowing the road s construction, life, and repairhistory makes it much easier to plan and budget its futu

30、rerepairs. Records can also helpyou evaluate the effectivenessof the repair methods and materials you used.Good record keeping starts with an inventory of thesystem. It should include the history and surface conditionof the roadway, identify and evaluate culverts and bridges,note ditch conditions, s

31、houlders, signs, and such structuresas retaining walls and guardrails.Update your inventory each year or when you repairor change a road section. A formal pavement managementsystem can help use these records and plan and budgetroad improvements.ResourcesThe Basics of a Good Road#17649, UW-Madison, 1

32、5min. videotape. Presents the Ten Commandments of aGood Road. Videotapes are loaned free through CountyExtension offices.Asphalt PASER Manual39 pp,Concrete PASER Manual48 pp,Gravel PASER Manual32 pp. These bookletscontain extensive photos and descriptions of road surfacesto help you understand types

33、 of distress conditions andtheir causes. A simple procedure for rating the conditionhelps you manage your pavements and plan repairs.Roadware , a computer program which stores and reportspavement condition information.Developed by theTransportationInformationCenter and enhanced by theWisconsin Depar

34、tment of Transportation, it uses thePASER rating system to provide five-year cost budgetsand roadway repair/reconstruction priority lists.Wisconsin Transportation Bulletinfactsheets, availablefrom the TransportationInformation Center T.I.C.Road Drainage,No. 4. Describes drainage forroadways, shoulde

35、rs, ditches, and culverts.Gravel Roads,No. 5. Discusses the characteristicsof a gravel road and how to maintain欢迎下载精品学习资源one.Using Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenance,No. 6. Basic information and欢迎下载精品学习资源practical tips on how touse de-icing chemicals and sand.Culverts Proper Use and Installat

36、ion,No. 15.Selecting and sizing culverts, designing, installingand maintaining them.Geotextiles in Road Construction/Maintenance andErosion Control,No. 16. Definitions and commonapplications of geotextiles on roadways and forerosion control.T.I.C. workshops are offered at locations around the state.

37、Crossroads,an 8-page quarterly newsletter published bythe T.I.C. carries helpful articles, workshop information,and resource lists.For more information on any of these materials, contacttheT.I.C. at 800/442-4615.欢迎下载精品学习资源中文译文一个良好的大路的基础长期以来我们已经把握了如何铺设好一条道路的方法，考古学家发觉在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石块铺设道路，后来，罗马人使用同样

38、的方法建立了一个巨大的道路系统，这种方法始终沿用到今日；其中的某些道路依旧发挥着作用；假如我们遵照到路的基本概念铺设，将会建设一条长久耐用的道路；以下是铺设好一条道路的十点要求： 1 尽量做好道路的排水 2 路基的基础肯定要稳固3 选用经济合理的铺设材料4 铺设的层次要紧凑合理5 设计好道路的最大车辆荷载6 做好设计爱护7 预备工作做好才能铺设8 铺设从下往上开头9 预算好您的投资10 保持良好的记录1尽量做好道路的排水我们在怎么强调排水的重要性也不为过，工程师估量，至少有90 的道路的问题可能与过量的道路积水或劣质的排水设施有关；过多的水积攒在道路的结构层内，这样会减弱结构层与基层的稳固性，

39、从而导致路基的破坏；在道路的面层，水分可能引起路面开裂和裂缝内积水；在基层将引起基层的支撑才能下降导致基层的破坏，会显现裂缝和坑洞；积水的一个共同的标志是沥青路面开裂是龟裂的裂缝彼此之间相互关联，形成不规章的小块看起来像鳄鱼皮；边缘的裂缝，热胀冷缩，春季路面解冻的问题；为了防止此类的问题连续：（ 1 ）水顺边坡下流（ 2）排到必要的地方（ 3）假如水分不能排出就会引起问题；有效的排水系统，水分的排出和处置；为此，他们利用拦截沟渠和斜坡，道路冠冕，沟渠和涵洞系统；转移 - 拦截沟渠，坐落在道路和路线较高的位置，从而使水能够远离道路；这些排水沟与边坡能够将水分准时排走；排水 - 建立在路上一顶王冠

40、，因此沿中心线高于在边缘勉励水流过大路；通常，铺设冠应当是 1 / 4 每页宽度脚高于 “每个中心线的宽度从山脚到边缘的肩膀；砾石表面的冠应当是1 / 2 高”；为此流路的工作，路面必需相对水密；路肩仍必需远离大路倾斜，连续承载着流走；Superelevations在曲线外（银行）也将有助于drainthe路面；处理 水沟，涵洞系统进行水离路面结构；沟渠应至少有一个脚比的砾石层，道路排水巷道底低；他们必需保持清洁，必需倾斜迁入自然排水；假如在沟渠的水留它可以渗透回道路结构和减弱其力气；沟渠也应受到爱护不受腐蚀，种植草，或安装岩石和其他水土保持措施；腐蚀可以破坏的肩膀和沟渠，堵塞涵洞，破坏路基，

41、并污染邻近的河流和湖泊；评估你的沟渠和涵洞制度，每年两次，以确保它可以工作；到了秋天，树叶和树枝清理掉，可以阻挡流淌；在春天，检查并清除耕耘任何死去的植物材料，从秋天离开污泥； 2路基的基础肯定要稳固欢迎下载精品学习资源阿路也只有在良好的基础；一条大路穿从上而下，但瀑布从底部分开；道路基础必需进行整个结构和交通使用它；为了使一个坚实的基础，你可能需要用化学稳固剂，稳固路基，大石头叫断路器运行，或土工织物；当你遇到条件下您怀疑乡土是不稳固的，具有工程师，调查有关情形，并设计一个适当的解决方法的工作；3. 选用经济合理的铺设材料全部道路材料的你“，现在或以后付工资；”劣质材料可能需要在整个大路的生

42、命进行大规模修理；他们也可能迫使你以取代道路过早；人工砂石料是为基层的正确材料；在粉碎物料互锁锐角时，他们都将被压缩；这支持通过传输负载从粒子与粒子之间的路面和交通；相比之下， 像圆颗粒球轴承，在外力作用下的运动；沥青混凝土路面材料必需是最高质量的公司从成立的条件下获得的，设计和测试，以确保其符合规格；4. 铺设的层次要紧凑合理在一般情形下，更密集的物质被压缩，这是越强；缩小或排除压实也粒子间空地（空 隙）；这意味着更少的水可以进入的结构；土壤中水的结构可以减弱或导致霜冻眼帘；这对于unsurfaced （砾石）道路重要；使用砾石其中有一个尺寸（良好级配碎石）的组合，以便更小的颗粒可以填补较大

43、的间隙之间；好沥青路面压实延长其寿命；5. 设计好道路的最大车辆荷载设计最高负荷估量将进行的道路；一个是专为汽车的必由之路不会站起来卡车；9 吨卡车之一，在一个后轴不以道路为近万汽车造成很大损害；农村道路可能携带日志卡车，牛奶车，消防部门消防车卡车，或施工设备；假如你不知道什么详细的道路将进行加载，一个好的体会法就是，设计为大路养护设备的最大一块将在道路上使用；一个良好的构造和修理沥青路面应连续无大修或重建20 年；道路设计，使用交通计数的工程数量和 20 年到将来车辆的大小；这些仅仅是猜测，在最好的，但他们将答应您方案穿越道路交通负荷的生活；6. 做好设计爱护无需修理道路将会快速恶化并失败；

44、设计你的道路，让他们可以很简洁地爱护；这意味着：可以定期清理沟渠充分.以便利用户在春季定位标记暗渠.雪足够的空间是翻耕后离开道路.恰当的安全，修理斜坡，防止交叉雪堆.是种植或处理，以防止水土流失路旁.可安全地修剪路旁一个拇指规章是足够的道路宽度，使其足够宽的扫雪机通过旅行方式，而不必离开其他车辆；欢迎下载精品学习资源7. 预备工作做好才能铺设这是没有必要全部的道路铺平立刻；有一个细心打造和 wellmaintained 砂石路没有什么错的交通负荷及数量不需要铺设表面；每天三百辆是建议的最低证明铺路； 不要以为铺设沥青碎石路面修复将是失败的；在您铺平，请确保您有足够的基础，碎石排水良好， 适当压

45、缩；举荐的碎石基层的最低深度为 10“路基土壤而定； 阿铺平道路时，才情愿将远远超越 一个是构建太快8. 铺设从下往上开头这好像是显而易见的命令，但它意味着你不应当顶服饰或重铺道，假如问题出在一个基础层；在你做任何道路改善，找到任何表面问题的缘由；挑选一个改进技术，以解决问题；这可能意味着回收或清除全部道路材料到原生的土壤和重建；做任何工作，不解决问题是一种对金钱和精力的铺张；9. 预算好您的投资道路系统可以是您的全市最大的投资；就像一个家庭需要油漆或一个新的屋顶，道路必需爱护；威斯康星州的严峻环境要求较温顺的地方道路修理；做这些重要的保养活动：（ 1 ）表面-等级，外形，修补，密封裂缝，掌握

46、粉尘，排除冰雪（ 2 ）渠 - 清理和修复沟渠，涵洞；清除全部余外的材料（3 ）路边 - 切刷，修剪树木和路边种植面积，掌握水土流失（ 4 ）交通服务- 清洁和修理或更换的迹象10. 保持良好的记录您的爱护将更加具有良好的记录效率；知道了道路的建设，生活和修复历史让我们更简洁的将来方案和预算修理；记录也可以帮忙您评估的修复方法和材料您使用的有效性；保持良好的记录与库存系统的一个开头；它应包括巷道的历史和表面状况，确定和评估涵洞和桥梁，留意沟条件，肩膀，标牌，并作为挡土墙及护栏等结构；更新您的库存，每年或当您修理或更换路段；一个正式的路面治理系统可以帮忙使用这些记录，方案和预算道路改善工程；资源

47、一个良好的路 17649 ，威斯康星高校麦迪逊分校，15 分钟的基础学问；录像带；介绍了良好的道路十诫；免费租借录像带是通过县推广部门；沥青 PASER 手册（ 39 页），详细 PASER 手册（ 48 页），砂石 PASER 手册（ 32 页）；这些小册子包含大量的照片和路面描述来帮忙你懂得窘迫状况及其缘由的类型；一个简洁的程序，评级的条件可以帮忙您治理您的人行道和方案修理；Roadware ，运算机储备和报告方案，路面状况的信息；公司开发的交通信息中心和威斯康星州的交通运输部加强，它使用PASER 评级系统，供应为期五年的成本预算和道路修复/重建的优先名单；从交通信息中心（TIC ）获得威斯康星州的交通情形说明公告，；道路排水描述用于道路排水，肩膀，沟渠，涵洞；碎石路争论了砾石路面的特点和如何爱护之一，包括利用冬季道路 养护盐和沙子及如何使用除冰化学品和沙子的有用技巧；涵洞的正确使用和安装，挑选和大小欢迎下载精品学习资源涵洞，设计，安装和爱护它们；土工织物在道路建设 /爱护和 腐蚀掌握，定义和常见的应用土工布在道路和掌握水土流失；欢迎下载