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1、2022年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(1)_2022雅思流程图雅思网免费发布2022年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(1)，更多2022年雅思阅读模拟试题相关信息请访问雅思索试(IELTS)网。【新东方】轻松直达90分！2022年雅思（IELTS）金牌课程火热开售中BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic mater
2、ial. His invention, which he named Bakelite,was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.The term plastic comes from the Greek plassein, meaning to mould. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemica
3、l action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are thermoplastic, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are thermosetting: like eggs, they cannot revert to
4、 their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of todays plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century.
5、 The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factorsimmense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of luxury materials such as tor
6、toiseshell and ivory.Baekelands interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student inBelgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon
7、abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. T
8、he years 18101 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekelands major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, b
9、ut rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The orig
10、inal patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow tra
11、ys until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to ei
12、ther) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of m
13、anufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby setting its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent b
14、y the technical requirements of the molding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in separat
15、e pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, streamlined style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also cruci
16、al: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, .a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekelands invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the fir
17、st half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrials expansionthe material of a thousand uses. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulati
18、ng properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despise and destroyed in vast quantities. Recen
19、tly, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material. 第7页 共7页第 7 页 共 7 页第 7 页 共 7 页第 7 页 共 7 页第 7 页 共 7 页第 7 页 共 7 页第 7 页 共 7 页第 7 页 共 7 页第 7 页 共 7 页第 7 页 共 7 页第 7 页 共 7 页
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