原版英语RAZ 教案(Z1) The Great Charter.pdf

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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.WritingDo you think King John was a good ruler?Write a paragraph to support your position including citations from the text to support your claim.Social StudiesCompare and contrast the influence of the English royal family and the church in th

2、e creation of the Great Charter.ConnectionsThe Great CharterA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,680 www.readinga-The Great CharterLEVELED BOOK Z1YZ1Z2Written by David Dreierwww.readinga-In what ways did the Great Charter become a powerful symbol of freedom?Focus QuestionWritten by David D

3、reierThe Great CharterThe Great CharterLevel Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David DreierAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover(main):Andrew Matthews/EMPPL PA Wire/AP Images;front cover(background),pages 5(background),10,12(background),14(background),17:iStock/Peter Zelei;t

4、itle page,page 12(main):Christies Images/Corbis;page 3:Matt Rourke/AP Images;pages 4,16:Lebrecht Music&Arts/Lebrecht Music&Arts/Corbis;pages 5(main),13:Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy;page 6:Leonard de Selva/Corbis;page 7:Leemage/Corbis;page 9:Classic Image/Alamy;page 11:Mary Evans Picture Libr

5、ary/Edwin Mullan Collection;page 14(main):Kumar Sriskandan/Alamy;page 18:Clare Kendall/British Library/REX/AP ImagesabideaffixedbaptismsbaronscharterfeudalhumbledimposedjustificationmercenarynullifiedoathpacifyingscutagesolemnWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3

6、Table of ContentsDetested King John .4The Barons Organize.9Runnymede and a Faithless King .13Aftermath .16Glossary.19 The Great Charter Level Z14Detested King JohnIn the late 1100s and early 1200s,England suffered under the rule of two self-centered kings.The trouble started during the time of King

7、Richard I,known as Richard the Lionheart.During his ten-year reign,England was nearly bankrupted.The king taxed the English people heavily to pay for his participation in the Third Crusade.While Richard was away at war,his youngest brother,John,tried to take the throne and failed.On his way home fro

8、m the unsuccessful crusade,Richard was captured and held prisoner in Austria.The people holding him prisoner demanded an enormous amount of money for his release.After gaining his freedom,Richard forgave his brother and imposed more taxes for a war in France to defend his holdings there.He died in F

9、rance in 1199 from an arrow wound.Before dying,he named John as his successor to the throne.John was the youngest of four boys and not expected to become king of England.5The Barons In medieval England,a baron was any noble who had received land from a superior in return for loyalty and military ser

10、vice.Higher-ranking barons received their land from the king,but they could in turn give parcels of their land to lesser barons.The last thing the people of England wanted when John became king was to be squeezed for more taxes.Unfortunately,that is exactly what happened.John turned out to be a terr

11、ible king in almost every way.He angered the barons,not only through heavy taxation but also by taking their property.To protect himself from rebellion,John took many prisoners from noble families,who had to pay to get their relatives released.However,John sometimes killed the prisoners even after b

12、eing paid.In 1214,the barons swore an oath to achieve fair treatment from the king.The Great Charter Level Z16John added to his offenses in 1203 with a terrible family crime.He had a fifteen-year-old nephew in France named Arthur.His nephew was favored by King Philip II of France to be the ruler of

13、England.John wanted to get rid of Arthur.His forces captured the lad,who then disappeared.John probably ordered Arthur to be murdered,and he may have killed the boy himself.King Philip II transformed France from a small feudal state into one of the most powerful countries in Europe.7In 1204,King Phi

14、lip defeated the mercenary army that John had raised,which allowed Philip to reclaim most of the French territory that had been held by Englands royal family.Meanwhile,John continued to stir up trouble wherever he could.In 1205,the archbishop of Canterbury died,and England needed to replace him.Pope

15、 Innocent III wanted the position to go to an English cardinal,Stephen Langton.John had his own ideas.He insisted that an English bishop,John de Gray,obtain the post.When John didnt get his way,he began taking church lands.Innocent III was pope for eighteen years.The Great Charter Level Z18Johns act

16、ions resulted in a strong response from the pope:in 1208,Innocent put all of England under a ruling called an interdict.The interdict closed the doors of Englands churches to everyone,meaning no priests could perform masses,nor could they marry anyone or perform baptisms or funerals.When John still

17、would not give in,the pope excommunicated him.Excommunication meant that people were completely separated from the church and told they could not enter heaven.But excommunication did not worry John.He continued to anger Innocent,seizing more property and money belonging to the church.The pope then j

18、oined forces with the French king,aiming to have Philip invade England and replace John as king.John realized that he was in a very serious situation.So in 1213,he finally agreed to allow Cardinal Langton to become archbishop.John didnt stop there,however;to the amazement of all,he humbled himself t

19、o Innocent and offered to make the pope the feudal overlord of England.Delighted,Innocent accepted the offer at once and pardoned the king.Johns bold action was a very smart move.Overnight,he went from being a cornered outcast to having a powerful friend and ally:the Roman Catholic Church.9The Baron

20、s Organize Archbishop Langton continued to strongly oppose King John.Despite the popes new affection for the English king and Langtons elevation to the position of archbishop,Langton was determined that John be removed from office.Langton became an adviser to a group of some two hundred barons who a

21、lso wanted to get rid of the king.Not all the barons were against John.A few wanted to find a way to improve relations with him.Those barons included a famous knight named William Marshal.People respected Marshal for his good character and loyalty.He had served four kings,including John.Marshal beca

22、me a go-between in the barons negotiations with John.William Marshals official title was the first earl of Pembroke.The Great Charter Level Z110The barons first met as a group in July 1213 in the town of St.Albans,near London.At this meeting,the barons decided to pressure John to uphold a document c

23、alled King Henry Is Coronation Charter.That agreement had been approved more than one hundred years earlier.It spelled out the laws that the king would follow when dealing with the nobles,church officials,and the common people of England.John promised that he would obey the laws in the Coronation Ch

24、arter.Bury St.EdmundsEnglandFranceEnglish ChannelEnglandLondonRunnymedeSt.AlbansMeetings of Barons,1213121511When John broke that promise,the barons met again in November 1214 in the town of Bury St.Edmunds to discuss what to do next.Archbishop Langton said that the Coronation Charter provided a his

25、torical justification for the barons challenge to John.One of the barons,Robert Fitzwalter,became a leader of the forces opposing John and helped guide their plans.Stephen Langton(center,in purple)was the archbishop of Canterbury for almost twenty-two years.The Great Charter Level Z112At that meetin

26、g,the barons began to flex their muscles.They decided to pay no further scutage,a kind of tax,to John for his wars in France,and they went a step further.They drew up a list of demands to be presented to the king.The list was based on the Coronation Charter with some additional provisions.The additi

27、ons stated that the king had to live by the same laws as all other people.If John refused to accept the barons demands,they would take up arms against him.In January 1215,Fitzwalter and a few other barons met with John to present their list.John told them he would give them a reply by Easter,but he

28、did not.The barons then proceeded with their plans to present John with a formal document listing their demands,and at the same time they began preparing for war.A Despised Tax One form of taxation used to excess by King John and hated by the barons was called scutage.This was a payment made in lieu

29、 of military service by barons who declined to join the king in a war.John used the funds raised from scutage to pay for mercenaries to fill out his ranks.13Runnymede and a Faithless KingThe Magna Carta,or the Great Charter,was the barons final attempt to stop Johns excesses before resorting to war.

30、The first version of the chartera Latin document known as the Articles of the Baronslisted sixty-three demands.Among the demands were ones shielding the barons from abuses and excessive taxation.The document also called for protecting the rights of the English Church.It specified that no free citize

31、ns would be imprisoned or punished without first being tried in a court of law.The charter provided for a group of twenty-five barons who would force the king to comply with the barons demands.It authorized them to use force if necessary.In May 1215,a group of barons seized London,the most important

32、 city in England,further weakening Johns position.Reluctantly,the king agreed to meet with the barons to be presented with the charter.The barons met with King John several times to present their ideas and needs.The Great Charter Level Z114“Signing”the Magna CartaMost illustrations depicting the mee

33、ting at Runnymede show King John signing the Magna Carta with a quill pen,but that is inaccurate.The Magna Carta was formalized with the kings seal.Virtually all medieval documents were made official in this way.An engraved design on a handheld seal or signet ring was pressed into a blob of soft,war

34、m wax,which then hardened.A seal could be applied to the document itself but more often was placed on a ribbon or cord attached to the bottom of the document.The meeting began on June 15,1215,in a large meadow at Runnymede,a town near London,in a tent with a small throne that was set up for the king

35、.When John arrived,he wasted little time with formalities.He declared that he agreed with the entire contents of the charter.John affixed his royal seal to the document and swore an oath that he would uphold it.15In the days after the meeting,copies of the Great Charteralso written in Latinwere copi

36、ed out by scribes and distributed.Few believed that the king would abide by his oath to uphold the charter.John could break a solemn oath without a second thought.The barons feared that John would disregard the charter as soon as he could do so safely.The king proved to be just as faithless as every

37、one suspected he would be.He wanted no part of the charter and called on his ally Pope Innocent for help.Innocent took Johns side,and in August 1215 the pope nullified the charter,freeing John from all its provisions.That was the final straw for the barons.Although some,including Marshal,remained lo

38、yal to the crown,a large group of them,led by Fitzwalter,launched a civil war.They invited Philips son,Prince Louis of France,to join the fight.They intended to put Louis on the English throne once they were victorious.Louis raised an army and invaded England.In 1216,there were completely unexpected

39、 developments.Pope Innocent died in July from a fever.In October,John also died,felled by the illness dysentery while confronting Louiss forces.The Great Charter Level Z116Johns nine-year-old son,Henry III,then became king.Marshal,now aged seventy,became regentadministrator of the governmentas Henry

40、 was still too young to manage affairs on his own.As regent,Marshal advised Henry to reissue the charter and prove to the barons that he was not like his father.AftermathMarshal once again proved his worth to the English throne.In 1217,he brought the rebel barons to heel and ejected Prince Louis fro

41、m England.Henry reissued the Great Charter,pacifying the barons who had doubted that his reign would differ much from Johns.They trusted Marshals word that the king would abide by the charter.Henry turned eighteen in 1225.That year,he again reissued the Great Charter,thereby reinforcing his pledge t

42、o be a law-abiding ruler.Henry accepted that no one was above the lawnot even the king of England.The charter was reissued one more time,in 1297,during the reign of Henrys son,King Edward I.In many paintings Henry III looks just like his father,John I.17April 1199John becomes king of England.July 12

43、05Archbishop of Canterbury dies.March 1208Pope Innocent III lays England under an interdict.May 1213 King John bows to the pope and allows Stephen Langton to become archbishop of Canterbury.July 1213The barons meet as a group for the first time in St.Albans.November 1214The barons meet as a group fo

44、r the second time in Bury St.Edmunds.January 1215Robert Fitzwalter and a few other barons meet with King John.May 1215The barons seize London.June 1215King John signs the Great Charter.August 1215Pope Innocent III nullifies the charter.July 1216Pope Innocent III dies.October 1216King John dies and h

45、is son,Henry,becomes king of England.September 1217William Marshal defeats the barons and ends the civil war.November 1217King Henry III reissues the charter.Events of the Great CharterThe Great Charter Level Z118The Great Charter became a powerful symbol of liberty and the principle that no one is

46、above the law.It served as the basis for English Common Law,Englands legal system.According to the charter,people charged with a crime must be treated as innocent until proven guilty in a trial by jury.Many of the ideas presented in the charter deeply influenced political thinking in Europe.They als

47、o influenced the American colonies in the 1700s,when they broke away from British rule to create the United States.Many of those same ideas found new expression in the U.S.Constitution and the Bill of Rights.The four remaining copies of the Magna Carta were together in April 2015,for the first time,

48、to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the charter.19Glossaryabide(v.)to accept or conform to an agreement or circumstance(p.15)affixed(v.)stuck or fastened something to something else(p.14)baptisms(n.)religious rituals in which people are doused with or submerged in water to become Christian(p.8)bar

49、ons(n.)men holding low rank in European nobility(p.5)charter(n.)an official document defining the rights and responsibilities of a person or group(p.10)feudal(adj.)of or relating to a European system of government in the Middle Ages that was based on the rights and obligations between landowners and

50、 the people who worked the land(p.8)The Great Charter Level Z120humbled(v.)made lower in power or prestige;made to feel modest or less proud(p.8)imposed(v.)required by force or authority(p.4)justification(n.)a good reason for doing something(p.11)mercenary(n.)hired to fight(p.7)nullified(v.)made to