高三-第11讲-介词和介词短语（培优教案）.docx

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1、辅导讲义学员姓名： 学科教师：年 级：高三 辅导科目：英语授课日期时 间主 题介词和介词短语学习目标1. 掌握高考中常见的介词和介词短语；2. 掌握介词和介词短语在实际中的考查。教学内容1、 上次课后巩固作业复习； 2、 互动探索教学建议：结合上次课后思考，了解学生在介词和介词短语解题过程中常见的问题，引出本次课内容。同学们，下面图中介词的用法你都清楚吗？【知识梳理1】介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语。按构成分： 普通介词（如：at,by,for,in,over,to, up等） 简

2、单介词：由一个单词构成。 合成介词（如：onto,into,within,without等） 分词介词（如：concerning, considering, including等） 介 词 双重介词：是由两个简单的介词重叠使用而构成的。（如：from behind, from among等） 短语介词：两个或两个以上的词所组成的短语构成的，一般来说，这个短语的最后一个 词是简单介词。（如：in case of, according to, out of, because of, by means of, in spite of, instead of等） 按意义和用法可以将介词分为时间介词、地

3、点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。考查比较多的是方位介词、时间介词、工具/手段/方式介词以及相关的介词短语。方位介词 时间介词介词工具、手段、方式介词介词与动词、名词、形容词等的固定搭配1. 方位介词在初中英语中，有许多表示事物存在的方向和位置的介词，我们称之为方位介词。如in（在里），behind (在后面)，down (向下)等等。其中有些方位介词的意义比较接近，在用法上很难区分，如on, over, above 都有“在之上”的意思，但含义却不尽相同。通过适合自己的方法，我们很容易掌握这三个介词的用法，以至于掌握所有方位介词的用法。批注：方位介词比较简单，主要是初中阶段的考查重点，学

4、生如有不是很清楚的，尤其是相近词的意义，老师可以再解释。如：表示“上下”的over/under, below/above, on/beneath，根据学生的情况进行讲解。2. 时间介词介词用法举例说明at1. 时间点，时刻等。2. 年龄。3. 表示较短暂的一段时间，可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。at 12:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at noon, at dawn, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New

5、 Year当时间名词前有this, that,last, next,some, every等词限定时，通常不用任何介词。on1. 表示具体的日子或者一个特定的时间，如：某日、某节日、星期几等。2. 表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。on October the first,on Monday,on Christmas morning ,on a warm morning,on the morning of October 31stin1. 表示在某个较长的时间内（如：世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午、傍晚等）。2. 表示在一段时间之后。in the morning, in the afterno

6、on, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the 1980s, in the past, in the futurein和after1.in表时间，通常表示“在.时间之内”，有时in还有表示“在.时间之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：所修饰的动词必须表将来；后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可，否则就用after或later。2.after表时间，意为“在.之后”，通常“after+时间段”与过去时连用；“after+时间点”与将来时连用。Well be back in three days.My father

7、will come back after 3 oclock.My father came back after 3 days/3 days later. in+一段时间after+某个时间点/一段时间for,from和sinceA. for 表示行为或状态持续了多久。B. since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。C. from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。I hope to do morning exercises from today.We have not seen each other since 1995.He

8、has lived here for 30 years.since强调行为或状态从起点开始一直持续到现在，常与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。批注：上面表格中列出了常考查的时间介词的用法，还有比较，老师可以根据学生的情况灵活选用，如果学生的基础比较薄弱，可能需要从最基础的每个词的用法开始梳理和补充。同时为了帮助学生记忆，可以运用下面的口诀：年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。 遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。 要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。 午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错。 at也用在时分前，说“差”可要用上to， 说“过”只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记， 莫让岁月空蹉跎。3. 工具、

9、手段、方式介词介词用法说明by, in, on三词都表示旅行的方式1.不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词，如：by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air。2.涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词须用单数，其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语，如：by bike, by taxi。3.当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语，如：in this plane, on my bike。步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如：on foot, on horseback/on a horse,on the camel。w

10、ith, by, in三词均可译为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式1.with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。They are digging with a spade.We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.2.by, in, on, over, through等多用于无形的工具或方式、手段之前，如：by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope。使用语言、原料、材料

11、时用介词in，如：in English/Japanese;in blue ink。表达用“方法/方式”时，所用介词分别为：in this/that/the same way, by means of, by this/that means, with this/that method。on, in, by后跟身体部位hit sb in the face打某人的脸；take sb by the arm/hand抓住某人的胳膊/手；pat sb on the shoulder拍某人的肩；hit sb on the head打某人的头。在该结构中，不能用物主代词替代定冠词，常用于该结构的动词有pat

12、, strike, beat, hit, catch, put, take等。批注：高中阶段表示手段、工具、方式的介词考查的还是比较多的，需要注意，尤其是像身体部位前所使用的介词和相关固定结构的掌握。【例题精讲】例1：Sean has formed the habit of jogging_the treelined avenue for two hours every day. (2010上海,25)A.between B.alongC.below D.with答案：B解析：根据句意“Sean已经形成了每天沿着绿荫大道慢跑两小时的习惯。”可知，表示“沿着”时，应该选B项。例2：You can

13、t expect to succeed if you attempt tasks _ your ability.A.above B.belowC.in D.out答案：A解析：语意：如果你要做自身能力达不到的事，就别指望成功。above 有“超过，在之上”之意，符合语意。例3：Located _the eastern coast of the sea, the village is fairly new _only a small population of less than 3,000.A.on, with B.off; with C.in, of D.on, in答案：A解析：句意：这个

14、村庄位于东海岸，人口不足3 000，是个相当新的村庄。表示“在河流或道路等的一边”用on，例如：a house on the river，而off则表示“距不远处”，例如：an island off the coast of France，所以第一个空填介词on。第二个空填介词with，表示“具有，带有”。例4：The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station _ 5:40 pm at the latest.A.until B.after C.by D.around答案：C解析：句意：火车将在下午六点出发。因此，我最迟应该在下

15、午5:40前到达车站。根据语意可知，本题应填介词by意为“不迟于，在(某时)之前”。until意为“直到”;after意为“在之后”;around表示“大概，大约”都不符合题意。 例5：Mr Black will visit our new school building _ two days.A. before B. after C. at D. in答案：D解析：根据句意，句子为一般将来时，in+一段时间表示“在.之后”符合句意。 例6：_ the end of last spring Wang Hai joined the army _ the end.A. At, at B. By,

16、in C. In, at D. At, in答案：D解析：at the end of.在.结束的时候，in the end=at last=finally，意为“最后”。例7：Do you go there _ bus? No, we go there _ a train.A.in, on B.on, on C.by, in D.by, with答案：C解析：介词与表示乘坐交通工具的名词连用时，若交通工具名词前无冠词，用介词by；若有冠词、物主代词修饰交通工具名词时，则用介词in或on。句意：你们乘公共汽车去那里吗？不，我们乘火车去。例8：The coat was made _ hand, n

17、ot _ a machine.A.in, in B.by, with C.with, by D.by, in答案：B解析：第一个空表示用于无形的工具或方式手段之前，故用固定短语by hand；第二个空用于表示有形的工具之前，故填介词with。句意：这件外套是用手工做的，而不是用机器制作的。【巩固练习】 用适当的介词填空。1.Those brave rescue team members managed to save many peoples lives_the risk of their own lives.2.The situation is_our control.3.They are

18、going to Paris_ Athens.4._expressing her love for you,my sister has also expressed mine.5.Earlier than the scientists had expected,it snowed_the night of November 10th this year.6.The average temperature in Tibet has risen_0.32 degrees centigrade every decade since 1961,according to the China Meteor

19、ological Administration.7.They have regained their appetite_ risk and have invested most of their cash.8.The large grassland,reaching out far away,looks extremely beautiful_the blue and clean sky.答案：at, beyond,via, in,on, by, for, against【知识梳理2】 1. 介词at,from,in,on,under的常见表达 介词短语atat dawn在黎明 at dayb

20、reak拂晓 at sunrise日出时 at sunset/sundown日落时at noon在中午 at dusk在黄昏 at night在夜晚 at home在家at table在用餐 at school在上学 at college在上大学 at risk有危险，冒危险at last最后 at rest静止不动fromfrom memory凭记忆 from cover to cover从头至尾from day to day日复一日 from beginning to end从头到尾from head to foot从头到脚inin tears热泪盈眶 in fear在恐惧中 in nee

21、d被需要 in silence静静地in danger在危险中 in peace和平相处 in safety很安全 in love热恋中 in public在公共场所 in doubt有疑问 in print在印刷 in flower在开花 in good order很整齐 in good health身体好 in a fever在发烧 in a hurry匆忙in high/poor/bad spirits情绪高涨/低落onon guard在执勤 on leave在休假 on strike在罢工 on sale出售on business在出差 on show在上映 on watch 站岗/放

22、哨 on fire在着火 on a visit在访问 on holiday/vacation在度假underunder discussion在讨论中 under development在发展中 under observation在观察中 under test在被测试 under construction在建设中 under fire在炮火中under examination在检查(调查)中 under consideration在考虑中under repair在修理中批注：此部分可以以提问的形式来帮助学生回顾，对于学生未掌握的做好标记重点加强记忆。2. 常见介词的活用by,with,again

23、st,over,on,in,at,besides,for等是常考的介词，掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近几年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握：介词意义例句over1.表位置，意为“在上方，越过；遮住，盖住”；2.表时间，意为“在期间，(多年)以来”等；3.“在(问题)上，对(某事)”等引申意义。You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirtitll look terrible.你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克太难看了。We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉

24、快地交谈。We heard it over the radio.我们从广播中听到了它。by1. 在旁，靠近；2. 乘(车、船等)；3. 不迟于，到为止；4. 被，由；5. 根据，按照(关系)；6. 通过方式；7. 表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：by and by不久，迟早 by and large大体上by oneself单独 by the way顺便说说by far得多，最 by chance碰巧 by accident偶然地 by means of借助by no means绝不，一点也不 by mistake错误地It takes a long time to go ther

25、e by train; its quicker by road.乘火车去那儿要花很长时间，走公路更快点儿。The man entered the room by the back door.那个人由后门进入了房间。Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，蛋类论打卖。The water in the river rose by two meters.河里面的水升高了两米。withA. 带有，拥有；B. 随着；C. 就来说；D. 用，以；E. 和，与；F. 对于，关于；G.

26、表示原因。Temperatures vary with thetime of the year.温度随着时节而变化。The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.服务员端着一杯咖啡进来了。He looked at me with a frown.他皱着眉头看我。She trembled with cold.她冷得哆嗦。He turned red with anger.他气得脸变红了。beyond1. (时间)过了，比晚，迟于；2. (位置)在那边，超出之外；3. (范围)超过，为所不及，超出的范围。They arrived beyond 9 oclock.他们

27、过了9:00才到。The book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。Tom is far beyond his elder brother in Maths.汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。3. 表示“除之外”的几组常用介词比较A. besides “除以外，(还有)”。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。 如：It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.(2)except“除去，除之外(不再有)”。如：We all went except John. 在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：He has no other hats ex

28、cept/besides this one.(3) except for“除了 (对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that+句子意思相同。如：He was very clever except for carelessness.(4) except that.“除了一点以外”。如：He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.1) but和except在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。如：All but o

29、ne are here. Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。如：He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to)。but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不，can not help but do sth.不得不，but for. 如不是4. 表原因的介词短语because of, due to, thanks to表原因的介词短语意义例句because of因为，由于，通常作状语，

30、位于句首或句中。The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain.由于大雨这次运动会将推迟到下星期六举行。due to由于，因为，通常作表语。His illness was due to smoking and drinking.他的病是由于抽烟和喝酒而引起的。thanks to幸亏，多亏，既可用于褒义，又可用于贬义，多用于句首。Thanks to your help, we finished the project on time.多亏了你的帮助，我们按时完成了任务。5. of抽象名词形容

31、词ofgreat/much抽象名词very形容词；ofno抽象名词not形容词。如：It is of great/much value.It is very valuable.The camel is of great help to the Arab.The camel is very helpful to the Arab.He is twenty years of age.He is twenty years old.批注：这种结构在任务型阅读理解的解题过程中会遇到，让学生理解，平时多注意一些类似的名词和形容词。另外，书面表达中也可以运用这种结构，变化一下句式，会给文章增色不少。6. t

32、o与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉” toonesto the of sb. 这种表达法表示结果，用作状语，位置前、中、后皆可。为了强调，可在前面加much，意为“使某人的是”。如：Much to my surprise, he left without a word. 使我非常吃惊的是，他没说一句话就离开了。7. 介词与某些词类的搭配名词与介词的固定搭配(1)要求接介词to的名词：key, answer, visit, apology, introduction,attitude等。(2)要求接介词in的名词：interest, satisfaction, expert等。(3)要

33、求接介词on的名词：mercy, congratulation,effect等。(4)要求接其他介词的名词：prize for, respect for, victory over, struggle with,excuse for, for fear of等。2.形容词与介词的固定搭配(1)要求接介词at的形容词：angry, good, bad, clever, surprised, excited, puzzled, frightened等。(2)要求接介词of的形容词：afraid, sure, certain, full, fond, proud, worthy等。(3)要求接介词w

34、ith的形容词：angry, strict, careful, busy, popular等。(4)要求接介词in的形容词：weak, rich, interested, successful等。(5)要求接介词to的形容词：next, polite, kind, cruel, rude, close, similar, due等。(6)要求接介词for的形容词：sorry, famous, fit, unfit, eager, anxious, hungry等。 (7)要求接介词from的形容词：far, different, free, safe, absent等。(8)要求接介词abou

35、t的形容词：worried, anxious, careful, sure, certain等。【例题精讲】选择填空1.I have an appointment Dr. Smith, but I need to change it. A. to B. off C. with D. from2.A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics.A. against B. before C. beyond D. without3.Mrs. Smith finds it hard to clear up t

36、he mess, as her children are always _ whenever she tries to.A. in the way B. on watch C. in sight D. on the line4.Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library a book about it. A. on B. at C.for D. to5.An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island

37、 discovered_a long lost antique Greek vase.A. at random B. by chance C. in turn D. on occasion6.I am always delighted when I receive an email from you . the party on July 1 st I shall be pleased to attend . A. On account of B. In response to C. In view of D. With regard to7._everyone here, I wish yo

38、u a pleasant journey back to your country.A. By means of B. On behalf of C. In search ofD. For fear of8.The Smiths are praised _ the way they bring up their children. A. from B. by C. at D. for 答案：CDACBDBD【巩固练习】 1.The manager wants to see changes in the company, and I am sure he will . A. in particu

39、lar B. in turn C. in charge D. in time2.It was a real race time to get the project done. Luckily, we made it.A. over B. byC. for D. against3.It will be a great help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner. _, Ill set the table.A.As a result B. On the whole C. In the meanwhile D. As a

40、matter of fact4.She surprised us all when she resigned so suddenly, _ she had worked here for more than twenty years.A. concerning B. supposing C. regarding D. considering5.Suffering from war, poverty and illness, many African children are _ food, love and care.A. in case of B. in charge of C. in fa

41、ce of D. in need of6.I feel sure that_qualification, ability and experience, you are absolutely suited to the position we have in mind.A.on account of B.in spite of C.in terms of D.by way of 7.Our efforts will not be . Our basketball team is sure to win the final this year.A.by accident B.in vain C.

42、on purpose D.at length8. How are you, Jack? , Im rather sick.A. In addition B. In contrast C. In effect D. In all9.It is apparent that Chinese are influenced by Confucius, especially _ our daily thoughts and behavior.A. in terms of B. in honor of C. in favor of D. in praise of 10.This job is great salary. However, it has several disadvantages, such as long working hours and inconvenient working place. A. on b