第17讲-阅读之主旨大意（教案）.docx

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1、辅导讲义学员姓名： 学科教师：年 级： 辅导科目：授课日期时 间主 题阅读理解题型之主旨大意学习目标1. 掌握阅读理解中常见的主旨大意的出题方式；2. 灵活运用此类题型的解题步骤。教学内容1、 上次课后巩固作业复习； 2、 互动探索In such a country, we cant live without summary ability. 批注：通过让学生看一下上面的公共标志语英文翻译，可以引导学生说出这些翻译存在的问题是总结概括不到位，那么在做阅读理解类题目时主旨大意是在考察学生的总结概括能力的，一定要具备准确将文章大意归纳出来的能力。知识名称：阅读理解之主旨大意题【知识梳理1】命题特点

2、主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。知识点1：标题类常见的标题型题干：1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_. 2)The text (passage) could be entitled _. 3)What is the best title for the passage? 4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 知

3、识点2：大意类常见的主题型题干：5) This passage chiefly deals with_.6) Whats the topic of the article?7) What is the subject discussed in the text?8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?知识点3：目的主旨大意题9)The authors main purpose in writing the passage is_.10)The passage is meant to _ 11)The purpose of this

4、 article is _【例题精讲】知识点1：标题类例1：天津卷CPoet William Stafford once said that we are defined more by the detours (绕行路) in life than by the narrow road toward goals. I like this image. But it was quite by accident that I discovered the deep meaning of his words.For years we made the long drive from our home

5、 in Seattle to my parents home in Boise in nine hours. We traveled the way most people do: the fastest, shortest, easiest road, especially when I was alone with four noisy, restless kids who hate confinement(限制) and have strong opinions about everything.Road trips felt risky, so I would drive fast,

6、stopping only when 1 had to. We would stick to the freeways and arrive tired.But then Banner, our lamb was bent. He was rejected by his mama days before our planned trip to Boise, I had two choices: leave Banner with my husband, or take him with me. My husband made the decision for me.That is how I

7、found myself on the road with four kids, a baby lamb and nothing but my everlasting optimism to see me through. We took the country roads out of necessity. We had to stop every hour, let Banner shake out his legs and feed him. The kids chased him and one another. Theyd get back in the car breathless

8、 and energized, smelling fresh from the cold air.We explored side roads, catching grasshopper in waist-high grass. Even if we simply looked out of the car window, at baby pigs following their mother, or fish leaping out of the water, it was better than the best ride down the freeway. Here was life.

9、And new horizons(见识).We eventually arrived at my parents doorstep astonishingly fresh and full of stories.I grew brave with the trip back home and creative with my disciplining technique. On an empty section of road, everyone started quarreling. I stopped the car, ordered all kids out and told them

10、to meet me up ahead. I parked my car half a mile away and read my book in sweet silence.Some road trips are by necessity fast and straight. But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the b

11、est part of a journey-and the best part of yourself. 50. What could be the best title for the passage?A. Charm of the Detour B. The Road to BraveryC. Creativity out of Necessity D. Road Trip and Country Life【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。记叙了作者为了方便照顾年幼的孩子驱车去父母家时而不得不改变多年行驶路线的经历，以及由此而产生的感悟。解析：50.A。主旨判断题。难度：较难。本文通过叙述从这

12、些年来为了贪图便捷快速走高速路，到因为照顾年幼的孩子而不得不选择乡间公路的过程中，欣赏了大自然的美景，发现了绕行路的魅力。【解题思路】主旨判断题的方法是找高频词。本文在第一段通过诗人的话就引出detour，文中多次都提及，在文章的最后一段的末句还是提及到了它。因此，一般来说，高频词出现的选项就是正确选项。例2：全国课标II卷ADoctors are known to be terrible pilots. They dont listen because they already know it all. I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almos

13、t ten years before I graduated from medical school. I didnt realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon. I loved flying. As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather. I learned about crew resource management (机组资源管理), or CRM, a new idea to make flying safer. It means that c

14、rew members should listen and speak up for a good result, regardless of positions.I first read about CRM in 1980. Not long after that, an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather. The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready. The attending doctor was flying; I was a safety p

15、ilot. He was so busy because of the bad turn, he had forgotten to put the landing gear (起落架) down. He was a better pilotand my bossso it felt unusual to speak up. But I had to: Our lives were in danger. I put aside my uneasiness and said, We need to put the landing gear down now! That was my first r

16、eal lesson in the power of CRM, and Ive used it in the operating room ever since.CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up. It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesnt overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again

17、. So when Im in the operating room, I ask for ideas and help from others. Sometimes theyre not willing to speak up. But I hope that if I continue to encourage them, someday someone will keep me from “landing gear up”.39. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.CRM: A New Way to M

18、ake Flying Safe B. Flying Makes Me a Better DoctorC. The Making of a Good Pilot D. A Pilot-Turned Doctor【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，题材是故事。作者讲述了自己把当飞行员时学会的机组资源管理理念运用到后来自己从医的手术室中。飞行经历使自己成为一名更出色的医生。解析：39. B。推测文章的标题。难度：中等。根据文章的整体内容上看，作者采用倒叙的方法。第一段叙述故事的结果，从而引出下文的故事。而第一段中的becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon是文章的

19、中心句，这句涵盖了整个文章内容，而选项B和中心句一致。所以B正确。知识点2：大意类例1：重庆卷CAlmost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.The oldest known transport wheel was disc

20、overed in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didnt become popular for a while, though. This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.But it could also be because of a difficult situation. Whil

21、e wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces werent going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in whee

22、l and vehicle design before the arrival of modern road design.In the mid-1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of roada base layer (层) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reali

23、ty. At around the same time, metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being, followed by the pneumatic tyre(充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads (柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.67. What is the

24、 passage mainly about?A. The beginning of road design. B. The development of transport wheels.C. The history of public transport. D. His invention of fast-moving vehicles.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，题材是车轮。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响。解析：67. B。主旨大意。难度：中等。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响，故选B项。 例2：浙江卷BBelow is a selection

25、from a popular science book.If blood is red, why are veins (静脉) blue?Actually, veins are not blue at all. They are more of a clear, yellowish colour. Although blood looks red when its outside the body, when its sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin, its more of a dark reddish purple colour.

26、 At the right depth, these blood-filled veins reflect less red light than the surrounding skin, making them look blue by comparison.Which works harder, your heart or your brain?That kind of depends on whether you are busy thinking or busy exercising. Your heart works up to three times harder during

27、exercise, and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker. But, in the long run, your brain probably tips it, because even when youre sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart, and it takes four to five tunes as much blood to feed it.Why do teeth fall out, an

28、d why dont they grow back in grown-ups?Baby (or milk) teeth do not last long; they fall out to make room for bigger, stronger adult teeth later on. Adult teeth fall out when they become damaged, decayed and infected by bacteria. Once this second set of teeth has grown in, youre done. When theyre gon

29、e, theyre gone. This is because nature figures youre set for life, and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off. Do old people shrink as they age?Yes and do. Many people do get shorter as they age. But, when they do, it isnt because theyre shrinking all over. They simply lose height as thei

30、r spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects, of gravity (重力). Many (but not all) men and women do lose height as they get older. Men lose an average of 3-4 cm in height as they age, while women may lose 5 cm or more. If you live to be 200 years old, would you keep shrin

31、king till you were, like 60 cm tall, like a little boy again? No, because old people dont really shrink! It is not that they are growing backwardstheir legs, arms and backbones getting shorter. When they do get shorter, its because the spine has shortened a little. Or, more often, become more bent a

32、nd curved. Why does spinning make you dizzy (眩晕的)?Because your brain gets confused between what youre seeing and what youre feeling. The brain senses that youre spinning using special gravity-and-motion-sensing organs in your inner ear, which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and bala

33、nce stable. But when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control, and your brain thinks youre moving while youre Not!Where do feelings and emotions come from? Mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system. All mammals have this brain areafrom mice to dogs, cats, and

34、 humans. So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain and pleasure. But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet.If exercise wears you out, how can it be good for you?Because our bodies adapt to everythi

35、ng we do to them. And as far as your body is concerned, its use it, or lost it”! Its not that exercise makes you healthy; its more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.49. What is the main purpose of the selection?A. To give advice on how to stay healthy. B. T

36、o provide information about our body.C. To challenge new findings in medical research. D. To report the latest discoveries in medical science.【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文章，介绍了一些相关的人体知识。解析：49.B。主旨大意题。难度：容易。从文章的副标题可知这篇文章解释了七个我们既熟悉又陌生的有关人体知识的问题，所以选项B正确，A、C和D选项在文中均没有提及。知识点3：态度目的类例1：辽宁卷CMere is an astonishing and sign

37、ificant fact: Mental work alone cant make us tired. It sounds absurd. But a few years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human brain could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue (疲劳).To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered that blood passing through the brain, when it is

38、 active, shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day laborer, we would find it full of fatigue toxins (毒素）and fatigue products. But if we took blood from the brain of an Albert Einstein, it would show no fatigue toxins at the end of the day.So far as the brain is concerned, it can

39、 work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours of effort as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So what makes us tired?Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional (情感的）attitudes. One of Englands most outstanding scientists, J.

40、 A. Hadfield, says, “The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin. In fact, fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.” Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares, “One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to

41、 emotional problems.” What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired? Joy? Satisfaction? No! A feeling of being bored, anger, anxiety, tenseness, worry, a feeling of not being appreciatedthose are the emotions that tire sitting workers. Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue. We get tired beca

42、use our emotions produce nervousness in the body.66. Whats the authors attitude towards the scientists ideas?A. He agrees with them. B. He doubts them.C. He argues against them. D. He hesitates to accept them. 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。科学家们发现脑力劳动并不能使人感到劳累，使人感到累的是人的精神与情感状态，即：厌烦、生气、焦急、紧张、忧虑以及不被欣赏。解析：66A。态度判断题。难度

43、：较难。这是一篇说明文，文章的主旨或者作者的态度一般在首末段体现。文章的首段首句Mere is an astonishing and significant fact（Mere是一个令人惊讶又有意义的事实），作者的态度是惊叹与赞同的；在末段，作者得出结论：We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.（我觉得累是因为我们的感情在体内产生了紧张情绪）。因此，可以断定作者的态度是赞同的，而不是怀疑、争论或者犹豫。解题思路：判断一个人的态度或者性格，一定要关注文章中描绘它的形容词和动词等。如文中的significa

44、nt;declare;goes even further等。例2：陕西BIn 1978, I was 18 and was working as a nurse in a small town about 270 km away from Sydney, Australia. I was looking forward to having five days off from duty. Unfortunately, the only one train a day back to my home in Sydney had already left. So I thought Id hitc

45、h a ride (搭便车). I waited by the side of the highway for three hours but no one stopped for me. Finally, a man walked over and introduced himself as Gordon. He said that although he couldnt give me a lift, I should come back to his house for lunch. He noticed me standing for hours in the November hea

46、t and thought I must be hungry. I was doubtful as a young girl but he assured （使放心）me I was safe, and he also offered to help me find a lift home afterwards. When we arrived at his house, he made us sandwiches. After lunch, he helped me find a lift home. Twenty-five years later, in 2003, while I was

47、 driving to a nearby town one day, I saw an elderly man standing in the glaring heat, trying to hitch a ride. I thought it was another chance to repay someone for the favour Id been given decades earlier. I pulled over and picked him up. I made him comfortable on the back seat and offered him some water. After a few moments of small talk, the man said to me, “You havent changed a bit, even your red hair is still the same.” I couldnt remember wher