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1、Module 6 The World s Cultural HeritagePeriod 3 Grammar - Subjunctive Goals To master the usage of the subjunctive mood To consolidate by practising ProceduresStep 1: Subjunctive1 .虚拟语气英语中动词一般有三种不同的语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气，不同的语气用不同的形式来表示。 陈述语气：用来陈述事实，描述状态，有肯定，否定，疑问，或感叹等形式。如：People don t hibernate. /Are you
2、listening to the radio?祈使语气：用来表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等。如：Sit down, please. / Let me have a try.虚拟语气：表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设, 一般用于正式的书面语。2 .虚拟语气的用法：1）虚拟语气在条件句中的用法：1表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：非真实条件句主句动词的过去式 （be的过去式用were ）would should, could, might + 动词原形We would go with you if we had time.If I were
3、you, I would consider their plan.If I knew this telephone number, I would ring him up.注意：should多用于第一人称后。在非正式场合中，特别是在口语中，第一、二人称中单数现在用was 的也不少。If he was here, we could ask him.2表示和过去事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：非真实条件句主句had+过去分词would should, could, might +have doneIf he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked
4、you about it.If you had e earlier, you might have met him.If I had known your telephone number, I would have called you.If I hadn t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake.You wouldn, t have caught a cold if you had put on more clothes.3表示和将来事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：非真实条件句主句should /were to+ 动词原形
5、动词的过去时would should, could, might) + 动词原形If it sho uldrain, the crops would be saved.If it were to snow tomorrow, they wouldn, t go out.If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.If he got there this afternoon, he would buy a map of the city.If I should be asked/were asked /were to be asked
6、 to go, Id certainly go.特别注意：1 .如非真实条件句的谓语含有系动词were或助动词had或should等词，可将if省 略，而把were, had 或should放在主语之前，变为虚拟倒装句，这和带有if的虚拟条件从句所表示的含义完全相同。If I were you, I would get up early every morning. fWere I you, I would get up early every morning.Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday, you c
7、ould have caught the train.Should there be a flood, what should we do?Were they here now, they could help us.2 . if虚拟句的省略。Given enough money, we could have done it much better.3 .有时用介词短语代替虚拟语气的条件句。Fish can t live without water,没有水，鱼就不能活。4 . if only 要是，只要，但愿If only we could see each other once! 但愿我们能
8、相见一次！If only I had listened to his advice!我要是听了他的劝告就好了！5 .虚拟语气的混合条件句：即条件从句和主句时态不一致。“If I had missedsaid William Tell, uand had shot too low, I was going to use this arrow on you. ”If you had listened to the teacher carefully yesterday, you could answer the question now.2）虚拟语气在主从复合句中的用法：I.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的
9、用法1. wish+that从句，表示的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词所表示的动作表示的只是一种不能实现 的愿望、要求。其中谓语动词的形式和对应用法如下表所述：用法形式例句表示对现在情况的虚拟wi sh+从句主语+动词过去式或wereI wish I knew something about programming.I wish I were as strong as you.表示对现在进行情况的虚拟wish+从句主语 + were doingI wish I were sleeping.I wish it weren? t raining.表示对过去情况的虚拟wish+从句主语+had+过
10、去分词She said something unpleasant. She wishes she hadn t said it.I wish he had got there ahead of time.表示对将来情况的虚拟wish+从句主语+would+动词原形I wish he would get younger and younger.I wish he would be morecareful.注意：表示对现在情况的虚拟时，从句的时态不根据前面谓语动词的时态变化而变化，而是依据从句的实 际情况，可以表示和现在事实相反，也可以表示和当时事实相反。I wish I knew the ans
11、wer to the question.Yesterday when the teacher asked me the question, I couldn? t answer it. Then I wished I knew the answer.2.在 suggest （建议）、demand （要求）、order （命令）、insist （坚持）、request （请求）、 desire （要求）、remend （建议、推荐）、propose （建议、提议）、require （要求）等动词后面的 宾语从句中，谓语动词形式通常用动词原形（美通用）或“should +动词原形”（英国通用）引导
12、虚拟语 气，其基本句式为：r （should） do 主语 + suggest/suggested-*. . thcfi sb. （should） be done*（should） not do I suggested that we should form a spare time study group.I demand that he answer me at once.Doctor Li insisted that the patient should stay in bed for two weeks.Mr. Wang ordered that we （should） start o
13、ut immediately.特别注意：1. suggest作“暗示”，“说明”解时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。如：His accent suggests that he es from Shanghai.2. insist表坚持的是事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气如：He insisted that we （should） discuss the question at once.（虚拟）He insisted that he had finished his homework and handed it in. （事实）3. had hoped +that从句这种句型表示一种过去未实现的愿望，
14、从句谓语动词要用“would +动词原形”。 如：I had hoped that Jane would bee a doctor, but she wasn t good enough at science.Mike had hoped that his father would answer his letter.II .虚拟语气在其它名词性从句中的用法：在 It is necessary/important/strange/suggested/ordered/proposed/requested/decided/a pityF主语从句 的结构中，that引导的主语从句常用虚拟语气，用sh
15、ould + do或should + have done形式。It s necessary that he should go there at once.It s strange that she should have failed in the exam.It s a great pity that he should be so proud.It，s requested that rade Li should sing a song.It s necessary that you should clean the office after work.It s very importan
16、t that we should ask advice of other people about our work.It s strange that he should have left without saying goodbye.在suggestion, order, plan, idea等后的表语从句、同位语从句用虚拟语气。My suggestion is that we should go there on Sunday.My idea is that we should send a rade to help him.His order that we finish the w
17、ork in half an hour is hard to accept.III .虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法：1 . as if （though ）引起的状语从句（谓语形式与wish后的宾语从句谓语形式相同）。The boy talks as if he were a man.They talked as if they had been friends for years.Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied English in England.He spoke to me loudly as if I were de
18、af.as if也可引导表语从句，放在seem, look等系动词后，如果是可以实现的事，也可用陈述语气.It seemsasifitwere/was spring already.It looksasifitweregoing to rain.He looksasifhewereill.2 .由inorderthat, sothat引导的状语从句中的谓语动词常用may/niight/can/could +动词原形，来表示虚拟语气。Let s hand in the exercises earlier so that the teacher may have time to correct t
19、hem.I live so that others may live better .自己活着为的是使别人活得更好.She stayed at home for a few days so that she might take care of her mother.She took a taxi so that she could get there in time.IV.使用虚拟语气常见的其它句型：1、“would rather ”与“had ratherv表希望，后跟从句用虚拟语气，一般用动词的过去时态。I would rather you didn t trouble him.I wo
20、uld rather we played basketball.I would rather you came tomorrow.2、It is/was time (high time) +主语+动词过去式/should (不能省略)+动词原形。表示该干什么了, 而没有干。It s time you went to bed.It s time she washed that dress.F m getting tired. it s time we went home.我累了我们该回家了。It s time you should have a class.Step 2:巩固练习1. The m
21、anager? s suggestion was that the meeting _off still next week.A. be putB. to putC. should putD. be putting2. Mother suggested that Imy homework first before watching TV.A. didB.shall doC. doD. have done3. The order came thattheA. would be sentB.medical supplies should sendto the villages struck by
22、the tsunami soon.C. be sentD. must be sent4. They requested thatheon the radio.A. spokeB. speaksC.speakD.would speak5. It is importantA. will protectthat wewild animals.B. should protectC.shall protectD. are protecting6. He is talking too much about America asif hethere.A. had beenB. has beenC. wasD
23、.were7. Mother insisted that the childs handsbefore dinner.A. should wash B. be washedC.would washD.had washed8. Had you listened to the doctor,youall right now.A. are8. wereC. would be D. would have been9. I be free tomorrow, I could go with you.A. CouldB. ShouldC. MightD. Was I10. You look so tire
24、d tonight. It s time you .A. go to sheep B. went to bed C. go to bedD. will go to bed11. your letter, I would have written back two days ago.A. If I received B. Should I receiveC. Had I received D. If I could have received12. He smiled as if he my thought.A. had readB. was reading C. readD. has read
25、13. We the work on the time without your help.A. hadn t had finished B. couldn t have finished C. didn t have finished D. can t have finished 14. Have you ever been to Beijing?No, but I wish I .A. have B. wi 11C. do D. had15. He is a very brave man.Yes, I wish I his courage.A. haveB. hadC. will have
26、D. would haveKeys: 1-5ACCCB6T0 ABCBB 11-15 CABDBStep 3: Practice in the textbookNext let us finish the practice in the textbook.Activity 2: 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b)Activity 3:1. The professor demanded that the government do something about it.2. UNESCO insisted that the site be repaired as it was very serious.3. The Academy proposed that the general public get involved.4. The professor requested that I give them some money.5. Someone from the Academy suggested that a fund be started to raise money.
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