智能充电器的设计(毕业设计方案).docx

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1、北京成金大孝毕业设计附件题目：智能充电器的设计姓 名:王 研学 号：2007080303316学院：信息学院专业:电子信息工程指导教师： 杨 萍technology, the two promote each other to promote the switch power annually to more than two-digit growth in a light, small, lightweight, low noise, high reliability, Anti-jamming direction. Switching Power Supply can be divided

2、 into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, DC / DC converter which is now modular, design and technology and production technology at home and abroad have been mature and standardized, and have been authorized users, but AC / DC modular, makes its own characteristics in the process of modular, encoun

3、tered a more complex technology and manufacturing process problems. Following were the two types of switching power supply for the structure and characteristics to set out.1 DC/DC transformDC / DC is to transform the fixed DC voltage transformation into a variable DC voltage, also known as DC choppe

4、r. Choppers work in two ways, first PWM Ts the same way, change ton (GM) and the second is the frequency modulation, ton unchanged, change Ts (easily interference). Their specific circuit from the following categories: (1) Buck circuit - buck chopper, the average output voltage UO less than the inpu

5、t voltage Ui, the same polarity. (2) Boost circuit - Boost chopper, the average output voltage UO greater than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity. (3) Buck-Boost circuit - buck or boost chopper, UO average output voltage greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, polar opposite, inductance

6、 transmission. (4) Cuk circuit - buck or boost chopper, its average output power UO pressure greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, polar opposite, capacitance transmission. Todays technology allows soft switching DC / DC has undergone a qualitative leap forward, the United States VICOR com

7、panies design and manufacture of a variety of ECI soft-switching DC / DC converters, the largest of its power output is 300 W, 600W, 800W, the power density of the corresponding (6.2 , 10,17) W/cm3, efficiency (80 to 90)%. Japans latest NemicLambda launched a soft-switchtechnology using high-frequen

8、cy switching power supply module RM Series, the switches at (200 300) kHz, the power density has reached 27 W/cm3, using synchronous rectifier (MOS FET replace SCHOTT - Diode), the efficiency of the entire circuit to 90 percent.2 AC/DC transformAC / DC transformation is to transform exchange for DC,

9、 its power can be a two-way flow, the flow of power flow from the power load known as the “rectification： the power flow from the load to return to power as -active inverter.1 AC / DC converter for the importation of AC 50/60 Hz, due to the rectification, filtering, the relatively large size of the

10、filter capacitor is essential, because encountered safety standards (such as UL, CCEE) and EMC Directive Restrictions (such as IEC, FCC, CSA), AC input side and EMC filter must meet safety standards and the use of the components, such restrictions on the AC / DC power of the small size of the additi

11、on, since the internal high-frequency, high-pressure, big Current switching action, made the resolution of EMC difficult to electromagnetic compatibility problems, will install the internal high-density circuit design to the high demand for the same reason, high-voltage, high current power switches

12、make greater loss of work, limiting the AC / DC converter modular process, it must be in power system design methods to optimize the efficiency of its work reaches a certain level of satisfaction.AC / DC transform the circuit can be divided into the connection mode, half-wave circuit, full-wave circ

13、uit. By the power of a few can be divided into, single-phase, three-phase, multi-phase. Circuit work on a quadrant can be divided into quadrants, the quadrant, the three-quadrant, the four quadrants. Selection of switching power supply.3 Switching power supplyIn the importation of anti-jamming perfo

14、rmance, as its own circuit of the characteristics of (multi-level series), the general importation of interference such as a surge through the difficult, in the output voltage stability of the technology indicators compared with the linear power Have greater advantages, its output voltage stability

15、up (0.5 to 1)%. Switching power modules as a power electronic device integration, the choice should note the following: Because of the high efficiency switching power supply, can usually more than 80 percent, it was their choice of output current, accurate measurement of electrical equipment or calc

16、ulating the maximum absorption current, so that was the choice of switching power supply has a high cost performance, Output is usually calculated as follows:Is = KlfType in: Is-switching power supply is rated output current;If-the largest electrical equipment absorb current; K-margin coefficient, f

17、rom 1,5 to 1.8 in general;4 groundingLinear power than the power switch will generate more interference, the common mode interference sensitive electrical equipment, grounding and shielding should take measures, according to ICE1000, EN61000, FCC restrictions, such as EMC, switching power supply are

18、 taking measures EMC EMC, Switching power supply should normally with EMC EMC filter. If lied Huafu technology HA series switching power supply, its FG terminal users access to the land or the case in order to meet the electromagnetic compatibility requirements.protection circuit In switching power

19、supply design must have a flow of overheating, such as short-circuit protection, it should be preferred in the design of the protection of the full-featured switch power modules, and its protection circuit with the technical parameters of the work of electrical equipment matched to Avoid damage to e

20、lectrical equipment or switching power supply. Switching power supply technology development trends Switching Power Supply is the direction of development of high-frequency, high reliability, low consumption, low noise, interference and modular. Since switching power supply light, small, thin is the

21、 key technology of high-frequency, switching power supply major foreign manufacturers are committed to synchronize the development of new high-intelligent devices, particularly in the second rectifier of the loss and iron in power Oxygen-(Mn Zn) materials to increase the scientific and technological

22、 innovation, to enhance the high-frequency and larger magnetic flux density (Bs) under high magnetic properties, and the small capacitor is also a key technology. SMT technology applications makes switching power supply has made considerable progress, both sides of the circuit board layout component

23、s, to ensure that the light switch power, small, thin. The high-frequency switching power supply is bound to the tradition of the PWM switching technology innovation and achieve ZVS, ZCS the soft-switch technology has become the mainstream of switching power supply technology and a substantial incre

24、ase in the switching power supply efficiency. For high-reliability indicators, the U.S. switching power supply manufacturers by reducing operating current, lower junction temperature devices, and other measures to reduce the stress, increased reliability greatly improved. Modular Switching Power Sup

25、ply is the general trend of development, can be used modular power components distributed power systems, designed to N +1 redundant power systems, and parallel way to achieve the capacity expansion. Power switching operation for this big noise shortcomings, if the individual pursuit of its high-freq

26、uency noise will also increase with, and the use of the resonance conversion circuit technology, in theory, can achieve the high-frequency noise can be reduced, but some Resonant conversion of the practical application of technology there are still technical problems in this area is still a great de

27、al of work to make the technology to practical usePower electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad development prospects. Chinas switch to accelerate the pace of development ofpower industry, we must walk the road of technological innovation, out of production, stud

28、y and research with Chinese characteristics, the joint development, for the rapid development of China*s national economy to contribute.二、译文微机开关电源的含义开关电源是利用现代电力电子技术，控制开关晶体管开通和关断的时间比 率，维持稳定输出电压的一种电源，开关电源一般由脉冲宽度调制（PWM ）控 制IC和MOSFET构成。开关电源和线性电源相比，二者的成本都随着输出功 率的增加而增长，但二者增长速率各异。线性电源成本在某一输出功率点上，反 而高于开关电源，

29、这一点称为成本反转点。随着电力电子技术的发展和创新，使 得开关电源技术也在不断地创新，这一成本反转点日益向低输出电力端移动，这 为开关电源提供了广阔的发展空间。开关电源高频化是其发展的方向，高频化使开关电源小型化，并使开关电源 进入更广泛的应用领域，特别是在高新技术领域的应用，推动了高新技术产品的 小型化、轻便化。另外开关电源的发展与应用在节约能源、节约资源及保护环境 方面都具有重要的意义。开关电源的分类人们在开关电源技术领域是边开发相关 电力电子器件，边开发开关变频技术，两者相互促进推动着开关电源每年以超过 两位数字的增长率向着轻、小、薄、低噪声、高可靠、抗干扰的方向发展。开关 电源可分为A

30、C/DC和DC/DC两大类，DC/DC变换器现已实现模块化，且设计 技术及生产工艺在国内外均已成熟和标准化，并已得到用户的认可，但AC/DC 的模块化，因其自身的特性使得在模块化的进程中，遇到较为复杂的技术和工艺 制造问题。以下分别对两类开关电源的结构和特性作以阐述。1 .DC/DC 变换变换DC/DC变换是将固定的直流电压变换成可变的直流电压，也称为直流 斩波。斩波器的工作方式有两种，一是脉宽调制方式Ts不变，改变ton（通用）， 二是频率调制方式，ton不变，改变Ts （易产生干扰卜其具体的电路由以下几 类：（1 ） Buck电路降压斩波器，其输出平均电压U0小于输入电压Ui , 极性相同

31、。（2 ） Boost电路升压斩波器，其输出平均电压U0大于输入电压 Ui ,极性相同。（3 ） Buck - Boost电路降压或升压斩波器，其输出平均 电压U0大于或小于输入电压Ui ,极性相反，电感传输。（4 ） Cuk电路降 压或升压斩波器，其输出平均电压U0大于或小于输入电压Ui ,极性相反，电容 传输。当今软开关技术使得DC/DC发生了质的飞跃，美国VICOR公司设计制 造的多种ECI软开关DC/DC变换器，其最大输出功率有300W, 600W、800W 等,相应的功率密度为（6.2、10、17）W/cm3 ,效率为（8090 ） %。日本 NemicLambda公司最新推出的一种

32、采用软开关技术的高频开关电源模块RM系 列，其开关频率为（200 300）kHz ,功率密度已达到27W/cm3 ,采用同步整流 器（MOS FET代替肖特基二极管），使整个电路效率提高到90%02 .AC/DC 变换AC/DC变换是将交流变换为直流，其功率流向可以是双向的，功率流由电 源流向负载的称为“整流”，功率流由负载返回电源的称为“有源逆变”。AC/DC变 换器输入为50/60HZ的交流电，因必须经整流、滤波，因此体积相对较大的滤 波电容器是必不可少的，同时因遇到安全标准（如UL、CCEE等）及EMC指 令的限制（如IEC、FCC、CSA ）,交流输入侧必须加EMC滤波及使用符合安 全

33、标准的元件，这样就限制AC/DC电源体积的小型化，另外，由于内部的高频、 高压、大电流开关动作，使得解决EMC电磁兼容问题难度加大，也就对内部高 密度安装电路设计提出了很高的要求，由于同样的原因，高电压、大电流开关使 得电源工作损耗增大，限制了 AC/DC变换器模块化的进程，因此必须采用电源 系统优化设计方法才能使其工作效率达到一定的满意程度。AC/DC变换按电路 的接线方式可分为，半波电路、全波电路。按电源相数可分为，单相、三相、多 相。按电路工作象限又可分为一象限、二象限、三象限、四象限。开关电源的选 用开关电源在输入抗干扰性能上，由于其自身电路结构的特点（多级串联），- 般的输入干扰如浪

34、涌电压很难通过，在输出电压稳定度这一技术指标上与线性电 源相比具有较大的优势，其输出电压稳定度可达（0.51 ） %o开关电源模块作 为一种电力电子集成器件，在选用中应注意以下几点：3 .输出电流的选择因开关电源工作效率高，一般可达到80%以上，故在其输出电流的选择上， 应准确测量或计算用电设备的最大吸收电流，以使被选用的开关电源具有高的性 能价格比，通常输出计算公式为：ls=Klf式中：Is开关电源的额定输出电流； If用电设备的最大吸收电流；K裕量系数，一般取1.51.8 ;4 .接地开关电源比线性电源会产生更多的干扰，对共模干扰敏感的用电设备，应采 取接地和屏蔽措施，按ICE1000.

35、EN61000. FCC等EMC限制，开关电源均 采取EMC电磁兼容措施，因此开关电源一般应带有EMC电磁兼容滤波器。如 利德华福技术的HA系列开关电源，将其FG端子接大地或接用户机壳，方能满 足上述电磁兼容的要求。3.3保护电路开关电源在设计中必须具有过流、过热、 短路等保护功能，故在设计时应首选保护功能齐备的开关电源模块，并且其保护 电路的技术参数应与用电设备的工作特性相匹配，以避免损坏用电设备或开关电 源。开关电源技术的发展动向开关电源的发展方向是高频、高可靠、低耗、低噪 声、抗干扰和模块化。由于开关电源轻、小、薄的关键技术是高频化，因此国外 各大开关电源制造商都致力于同步开发新型高智能

36、化的元器件，特别是改善二次 整流器件的损耗，并在功率铁氧体（MnZn）材料上加大科技创新，以提高在高频率和较大磁通密度（Bs）下获得高的磁性能，而电容器的小型化也是一项关 键技术。SMT技术的应用使得开关电源取得了长足的进展，在电路板两面布置 元器件，以确保开关电源的轻、小、薄。开关电源的高频化就必然对传统的PWM 开关技术进行创新，实现ZVS、ZCS的软开关技术已成为开关电源的主流技术， 并大幅提高了开关电源的工作效率。对于高可靠性指标，美国的开关电源生产商 通过降低运行电流，降低结温等措施以减少器件的应力，使得产品的可靠性大大 提高。模块化是开关电源发展的总体趋势，可以采用模块化电源组成分

37、布式电源 系统，可以设计成N + 1冗余电源系统，并实现并联方式的容量扩展。针对开关 电源运行噪声大这一缺点，若单独追求高频化其噪声也必将随着增大，而采用部 分谐振转换电路技术，在理论上即可实现高频化又可降低噪声，但部分谐振转换 技术的实际应用仍存在着技术问题，故仍需在这一领域开展大量的工作，以使得 该项技术得以实用化。电力电子技术的不断创新，使开关电源产业有着广阔的发 展前景。要加快我国开关电源产业的发展速度，就必须走技术创新之路，走出有 中国特色的产学研联合发展之路，为我国国民经济的高速发展做出贡献。北京联合大学毕业设计（论文）程序清单和图纸题目:智能充电器的设计专业：电子信息工程 指导教

38、师：杨 萍学院：信息学院 学号：学班级：0708030303姓名：王研一、程序清单(1 )以下为部分主程序清单void code()if(128ch2_result)正常充电.(output_high(PIN_A4);if(ddl=O)output_low(PIN_C7);if(150=chl_result)&(chl_resultchl_result)&(chl_result170)switch(Mode)case 1: CCP_1 = 75;led1 = 0;ledO = 1;break;case 2: CCP_1 = 50:led1 = 0;led0 = 3;break;case 3:

39、CCPJ = 25:led1 = 0;led0 = 5;break;case 4: CCPJ = 0;led1 = 0;led0 = 7;break;) 大电流充电.PWM输出100%.)if(ch1_result=255)(进入过充，PWM输出20%ddl = I;elseif(ddl =1)switch(Mode)case 5: CCPJ = 98;led1 = 11;ledO = 2;break;case 6: CCPJ = 94:ledl = 11;ledO = 6;break;case 7: CCPJ = 90;led1 = 0;led0 = 1;break;case 8: CCP

40、I = 86;led1 = 0;led0 = 1;break;协助指导教师：2011年5月23日目 录开题报告翻译外文资料及译文程序清单和图纸if(226chl_result)CCP_1 = 98;ddl = 2; 浮充.PWM输出2%led1 = 11;ledO = 2;output_high(PIN_C7);)if(chl_result220)ddl=O;/已充满，声光报警(2)以下为数码管显示程序串行数据发送void HC595_Send(int8 dat)/发送到单个数码管int8 i;/output_low(SPI_CS);for(i=0;i8;i+)output_low(SPI_C

41、LK); /Clk=0;if(dat&0x80)!=0)output_high(SPI_DATA); /Data=1;elseoutput_low(SPI_DATA); /Data=0;dat=1;output_high(SPI_CLK); /Clk=1;)/output_high(SPI_CS);)四个数码管显示程序void Send(int8 four,int8 three,int8 two,int8 one)(output_low(SPI_CS); 允许发送HC595_Send(xfour);/1 位数码管HC595_Send(xthree);2 位数码管HC595_Send(xtwo)

42、;3 位数码管HC595_Send(xone);4 位数码管output_low(SPI_CS); 关闭发送)(3)以下为AD模拟量采集程序#if defined(_PCM_)include #fuses HS,NOWDT,NOPROTECT#use delay(clock=20000000)#endif/AD模拟量采集void AD_count()(setup_port_a(ALL_ANALOG); 打开 AD 模拟量采集端 口setup_adc(adc_clock_intemal);选项内部时钟set_adc_channel( 0 );/打开 0 通道value=read_adc();读取

43、 ADC 值)(4)以下为读取温度程序uchar Read_Temperature(void)lnit_DS18B20();WriteOneChar(OxCC) ; /跳过读序号列号的操作WriteOneChar(Ox44) ; / 启动温度转换 lnit_DS18B20();WriteOneChar(OxCC); 跳过读序号列号的操作WriteOneChar(OxBE); 读取温度寄存器temp_dataO = ReadOneChar(); 温度低 8 位temp_data1 = ReadOneChar(); 温度高 8 位return temp_dataO;2智能充电器结构框X心sQEFr

44、-5?ST台黑含32MM3智能充电器硬件电路MBATTERYMC16F730SC1CLKINQ MCLRVPP 三 RAO ANORAI AN1 W.AN2 RA3 AN3 VREF RA4 TCCKIRAS AN4 ST RBOINT RB1 RB2 RB3RB4 ：0SC2CLK0UT RCO.TIOSOTICKI RC1 T10SI RC2CCP1RC3 SCKSCL RC4 SDISDA RC5.SD0RC6 RC? RB5 RB6RB7接检测取样电路5智能充电器主控电路U盘DIVEOSC1MCLIRA0RA1RA27输入电压检测电路RIO+5V|1I1J RtU28温度取样电路3 e

45、、9声光报警电路10数码管显示电路ZCLRV?：RAC ANORAI AN1RA2 AN2RA3 431RAJ TCCKRA5 AN41RBOINTRBIRB2RB3RB411按键电路北京联合大学毕业设计(论文)开题报告题目:智能充电器的设计专业：电子信息工程 指导教师：杨 萍学院：信息学院 学号：学班级：0708030303姓名：王研一、课题任务与目的任务：针对电动车常用的动力电池的特点，以单片机作为控制芯片，结合国内外现 行的各种充电技术和充电器设计方案，设计一款基于单片机控制的智能充电器， 以达到最佳的充电效果，使智能充电器具有良好的性能指标，电路简单可靠。研究目的：随着能源的日益紧缺和

46、大气污染的加剧，作为新型交通工具的电动车的研究 日益受到重视从我国国情和人们的消费水平出发，电动车具有广阔的发展前景。 作为电动车核心部件的电池及其充电器，其性能的优劣，直接影响电动车的质量 状况。针对电动车充电技术的要求，为了使电动车充电器获得良好的性能指标， 必须寻找最佳的充电模式，我要设计一款基于单片机控制的智能充电器，涓流充 电、大电流充电、过充电和浮充电组合起来的充电方式，这种充电方式经理论和 实践表明，可达到最佳的效果，使得蓄电池具有较高的使用容量和较长的循环寿 命，可满足不同电动车动力电池的复杂充电要求，为提高蓄电池的性能和可靠性 提供有效的途径，对环保、节能型电动车和充电器的设

47、计和开发具有重要的意义， 同时，研制性能良好的智能充电器，会带来显著的经济效益和良好的社会效益。二、调研资料情况1电动车用电池的现状和发展趋势电池作为电动车动力来源，目前应用于电动车的可充式二次电池主要有:铅酸 (Lead Acid)电池、银福(Nickel Cadmium)电池、银氢(Nickel Metal Hydride)电池 和锂(Lithium)电池山。(1 )镇一氢电池(Ni-MH )此类蓄电池的比能量高，寿命长，有较高的比功率，污染轻等优点，被认为 是较好的电动车用蓄电池。但是由于Ni-MH蓄电池的技术未臻成熟，价格贵,单体电池电压低，使用时串联电池个数多，而且均匀一致性较差，限制了蓄电池 降的缺点。因此认为Ni-MH蓄电池在电动车上应用的地位是暂短的、过渡性的， 将来的市场份额是有限的。组实际可使用的寿命。尤其是，氢电池在高温时自放电率会增高，造成电容量下(2 )锂离子蓄电池和聚合物铿离子蓄电池锂离子蓄电池和聚合物锂离子蓄电的比能量更高，有较高的比功率，寿命 长，污染轻等优点，被认为是有希望的电动车用电池。但因内含锂活性物质，易 产生化学作用，