考研资料Lesson 8笔记.docx

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1、Lesson 8(主旨题 解题策略)主旨题解题策略：1. 精读四个选项，做初步的预判A. 划出选项的核心词(名/名词短语)，偶尔带有褒贬情感的V/adj也可配合使用B. 确认选项间的核心内容是否存在相似性；确认是否存在相反选项；确认是否选项中存在否定信息(否定内容需要贯穿全文)C. 正确选项的核心内容会在文章多段中反复出现(主题词可量化)；错误选项的核心内容只在文章的局部段落中出现(1-2段)2. (时间不充裕的情况下)优先阅读文章最后一段，寻找段内逻辑地位最高的内容/段落主旨来判断选项的正误A. 段内带有转折/否定+解释/设问+回答/原因分析/对比比较的特殊逻辑内容，为重要内容B. 段内出现

2、的人物观点(此类内容偏少)C. 段首句往往也和主旨关联度高(A是B的判断句)3. (时间充裕的情况下)全文通篇阅读，寻找各段主旨的重合内容来做正确选项的判断A. 段内带有转折/否定+解释/设问+回答/原因分析/对比比较的特殊逻辑内容，为重要内容B. 段内出现的人物观点(此类内容偏少)C. 段首句往往也和主旨关联度高(A是B的判断句)2020 Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax(人做事，ETS), which would impose an entirely new tax on large m

3、ultinationals(跨国科技/数字服务公司) that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.（对此类税负的定义

4、性内容，相对次要） Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax,(人说话) meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States. 2 The digital services tax no

5、w awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron(细节), who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discr

6、iminates against American companies(人做事，ETS), which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France（选项A）.3 The French tax is not just a unilateral单边的 move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years

7、proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions=term条约. These have included Britains DPT (diverted profits tax), Australias MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and Indias SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the Europea

8、n Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.(例证)4 These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue(段内逻辑地位最高的内容) that countries believe they should have a right

9、 to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.(本段主旨)（通过此段，明确：段内逻辑定位最高的内容不一定就等于段内主旨）5 In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Eco

10、nomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization s work, but Frances digital services tax and the American response raise questions

11、 about what the future holds for the international tax system.Frances planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit(=tax), and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from d

12、ozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?主旨题(主题词可量化)A France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions制裁B France leads the charge负责 on Digital TaxC France Says NO to Tech MultinationalsD France Demands a Role in the Digital Econ

13、omy2010年 text1Para1: Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage=review.Para2: It is difficult to the point of impossibility

14、for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. -现在大城市的报纸当中找不到高质量的文艺评论Yet（此yet没有否定上句，只是引出新内容） a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in

15、 large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their文艺评论集 learned博学 contents were once deemed suitable for publication出版 in general-circulation dailies. Para3: We are even farther removed from the unfocused兴趣广泛的，各类的 newspaper reviews published in England bet

16、ween the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detai

17、l and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be publi

18、shed in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Para4: Unfortunately, these critics are vir

19、tually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely a

20、dmired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Para5: Is there any chance that Carduss criticism=review will

21、enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.Q. What would

22、 be the best title for the text?A. Newspapers of(in) the Good Old DaysB. The Lost迷失的/消失的 Horizon=review in NewspapersC. Mournful Decline of Journalism新闻(行业)D. Prominent Critics in Memory(只在最后两段；正儿八经只在倒数第二端出现cardus)2021 T3As a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re

23、-evaluate the past, Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). Ive found quite a few, and- since I started posting them on Twitter-they have been causing quite stir. People have been s

24、urprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of Smilin

25、g Victorians makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?Duri

26、ng the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limb

27、s. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though s

28、low by todays digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy gri

29、n. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular pearly whites rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve o

30、f the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin=smile (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolls gum-exposing Cheshire

31、 Cat, but it was not a becoming得体的 look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever.35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?_A.Why did most Victorians look stern严肃=serious in photographs?（文章分两部分：1. 维多利亚人在拍照的时候不笑 2. 分析不笑的原因）B.Why did the Victorians start view photographs?C.What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?