Day 09 非谓语动词-2022年暑假新高一【初高中衔接】必备英语知识抢先学(通用版).docx

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1、2022年暑假新高一初高中衔接英语知识抢先学(通用版)英语词法篇非谓语动词一、动词不定式（一）动词不定式的形式变化动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be buildto have been build（二）动词不定式的基本用法动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语

2、，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.）（2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑

3、主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry,

4、 afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? （4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make,

5、let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I dont think it right to do it that way. （6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名

6、词为place, time, way，不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.（7）作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语：目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order

7、 to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.二、动名词动名词由动词原形家词尾-ing构成，与现在分

8、词形式相同。动名词已经名词化了，而现在分词常表示动作或状态。如：a sleeping chair 躺/睡椅（动名词，表用途） a sleeping child 正在睡觉的孩子（现在分词，表状态）动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1、 作主语1）直接位于句首做主语。 Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是

9、一件痛苦的事。注意：动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数2）用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。这种用法在习惯句型中常用，常用句型：I

10、t is + no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/a plessure + v.ing 注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词后面不用动名词（常用不定式）。 3）用于“There be”结构中。 There is no saying when hell come.很难说他何时回来。There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。There is no ho

11、lding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可阻挡。常用句型：There is no + v.ing = It is impossible to do 注意：在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语。4）用于布告形式的省略结构中。 No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). 禁止吸烟。 No parking. 禁止停车。5）动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如： Thei

12、r coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们前来帮忙对我们来说是极大的鼓舞。Lao Lis going there wont be of much help. 老李去不会有多大帮助。2、作宾语（1）作动词的宾语某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, del

13、ay, practise, resist, postpone(推迟)，deny(否认), appreciate (欣赏，感激), escape, excuse, pardon, cant stand, put off, give up等。例如：Would you mind opening the window?吧窗户打开好吗？She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing. 她建议去长城春游。Seeing the picture, he couldnt help laughing. 看了这幅画，他禁不住大笑起来。Mark

14、often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。 在下面这种结构中也可以用动名词（短语）做宾语：find/think/consider + it（形式宾语） + no use/no good/useless + v.ing（真正宾语）。例如：I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。Do you consider it any good trying again? 你

15、认为再试一次有好处吗？ 形容词worth后也可接动名词，作为复合谓语的宾语。例如：The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。（2）作介词的宾语 能接动名词的短语有：think of/about, dream of/about, hear of, prevent/keep/stopfrom, depend on, set about, succeed (in), worry about, burst out, insist on, be/get used to, devoteto, look forward

16、to, pay attention to, get down to, be good at, do well in, be fond of, be interested in, be tired of, be afraid of, spend(in), feel like, preferto, instead of, in case of等等。例如：We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?

17、我们休息呢还是开始干活？Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a long time. 安好久以来就盼望着来中国。 在下面的结构中，介词in常可省略：（1）S + have + trouble/difficulty/problems/fun/a struggle/ a good time/a hard time + (in) +v.ing（2）S + speng time/money + (in) +V.ing（3）S + be busy + (in) +V.ing（4）S + lose no time + (in) +V.in

18、g （立即 ）例如：We are busy (in) preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding spoken English? 要听懂英语口语你有困难吗？3、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。例如：Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the w

19、indows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)4、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a

20、room for reading=a room which is used for readingsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping三、分词（一）现在分词的形式1. 现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成，其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。例如：The students standing there are from Class Three. 站在那里的学生来自三班。The English novel being translated by the editor now will be co

21、mpleted in October. 2. 现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。例如：Having finished all the work, they had a good rest. 结束了所有工作后，他们好好地休息了一下。Having been laughed at his looks during the childhood, the boy is still very sensitive about his appearance so far. 3. 现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”，被动式的否

22、定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”，其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。例如：Not reading carefully, he wouldnt find many things he had not known before. Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity. 没被公众所关注，年轻的作家感到有点遗憾。Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 没有回应，因此他决定再写一封信。（二）现在

23、分词的用法1. 作定语 现在分词作定语，具有形容词的性质。一般说来，单个的现在分词一般可以前置作定语，修饰名词；如果现在分词构成分词短语则后置作定语。例如：Keep quiet. Dont wake up the sleeping children. 请安静。不要吵醒睡觉的孩子们。We live in a room facing the south. 我们住在一间朝南的房间里。2. 作表语 现在分词作表语时总是放在系动词的后面，构成系表结构，表示主语的状态。例如：The story sounds interesting. 这故事听起来很有趣。The promising future is mo

24、re encouraging than ever before. 未来充满希望，前所未有地鼓舞人心。It is annoying that the meeting should be put off. 会议要推迟，真是恼人。3. 作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语，通常用在感官动词或使役动词的宾语后面，表示主动或动作正在进行。例如：Some people leave the water running after washing hands. 有些人洗完手后就让水依然流着。When I found him cheating, I decided not to accept his flatte

25、ries and apologies any more. 当我发现他欺骗我时，我决定再不接受他的奉承和道歉了。4. 作状语 现在分词作状语，相当于一个表示原因、时间、方式、条件、结果等情况的状语从句。根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。1) 表示时间，相当于状语从句when, while。例如：He went through the papers while listening to music. 他边浏览报纸，边听音乐。Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life. 在家乡学习的时候，我享受了这一生最快乐

26、的时光。2) 表示条件，相当于if引导的条件状语从句。例如：Being given once more time, I will finish the task! 假如再给我一次机会，我会完成任务的！Preparing fully, we are sure to pass the test. 如果准备充分，我们肯定能通过考试。3) 表示原因，相当于原因状语从句because, since, for, as, etc.例如：Not understanding the relationship between the two cases, I asked the lawyer about it.

27、由于不明白两个案子之间的关系，我咨询了律师。Being ill, she cant go to work today. 因为生病，今天她不能上班了。4) 表示让步，相当于though, although或no matter+特殊疑问词引导的让步状语从句。例如：Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管了解了这一切，他们还是让我赔偿损失。Although working hard every day, we still have endless work to deal with. 我们即使每天拼命干活，还是有处理不完的工作。5)

28、表示结果，相当于结果状语从句。例如：His parents letter has just come, relieving him from anxiety. 他父母的来信刚刚到，可解了他的焦躁了。Their car was caught in a traffic jam, causing the delay. 他们的车遇上了交通堵塞，结果耽搁了。6）表示方式或伴随状语。例如：They lay on the grass, looking at the sky. 他们躺在草地上，仰望着填空。The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumpin

29、g. 孩子们从房间里跑出来，欢笑着，蹦跳着。根据上述现在分词的用法，我们可以了解到问题中涉及的句子中的动词-ing形式，即completing一词，并不是动名词形式。在这个句子中出现了while，引导时间状语，因此completing为现在分词形式，表示句中的时间。全句意为：必须能够六天不睡觉，同时完成其他一些任务。（三）过去分词的基本用法过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如：1.作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个

30、单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week.2.作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：

31、crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。3.作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I fo

32、und the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。4.作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When se

33、en from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）一、单项选择1. My father is always the last person _ the office.A. leaveB. leavesC. to leaveD. left2. _ at the news, all the teachers and students in senior three cheered

34、 and laughed, with their hands and arms _.A. Exciting; raisingB. Excited; raisedC. Being exciting; raisedD. Being excited; raising3. The girl _ a red coat performed perfectly in the competition.A. woreB. wearsC. wearingD. to wear4. Designated a “City of Design” by UNESCO in 2008, Shenzhen was the fi

35、rst city in China _ an official strategy around creative development.A. to presentB. presentingC. to be presentedD. presented5. Many teachers keep parents _ of childrens performance in the kindergarten by sharing videos of WeChat.A. informingB. informC. to informD. informed6. _ in her best suit, the

36、 girl tries to make herself _ in the party.A. Dressing; noticedB. Dressing; noticingC. Dressed; noticingD. Dressed; noticed7. The actress, _ for her wonderful acting skill, will be interviewed by Mongo TV next week.A. to knowB. knowingC. being knownD. known8. _ their hats into the air, the fans of t

37、he winning team shouted happily.A. To throwB. ThrowingC. Having thrownD. Being thrown9. My father is used to _ the daily news on TV before having breakfast.A. watchingB. watchC. watchesD. watched10. -Can you bring forward a better solution?-I think this is the best approach _the project ahead of sch

38、edule.A. completingB. to completeC. to completingD. completed11. His bike was broken and he wanted to have it _.A. repairedB. to repairC. to be repairedD. repairing12. The money _ by these organisations will be used to build houses, schools and hospitals.A. donatingB. to donateC. donatedD. having do

39、nated13. The discovery of new evidence led to the thiefs _.A. being caughtB. catchingC. to catchD. catch14. The main purpose of this activity is _more people understand the importance of learning Chinese.A. to letB. letC. lettingD. lets15. When I walked across the playground, I saw the new foreign t

40、eacher _ with sweat.A. to runB. runningC. having runD. runs16. People say it is Canadas most beautiful city, _ by mountains and the Pacific Ocean.A. surroundedB. surroundingC. surroundD. surrounds17. The bell rang, _ that the football match had come to an end.A. confirmingB. confirmedC. was confirmi

41、ngD. confirm18. He used to _ in the sun, but now he is used to _ at night.A. read; reading B. reading; readC. read; readD. reading; reading19. When we got a call _ she was short-listed (入围), we thought it was a joke.A. saidB. to sayC. sayingD. had said20. Its an opportunity to make the Chinese cultu

42、re better _ to international students.A. knowingB. was knownC. is knownD. known21. _ in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.A. Having grownB. To growC. GrewD. Grown22. _ from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny street.A. SeenB. SeeingC. To seeD. Saw23. There are hundred

43、s of visitors _ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings.A. waitedB. to waitC. waitingD. wait24. _in this way, your friendship will soon be repaired.A. ApproachedB. ApproachingC. Having approachedD. To approach25. The factory _ next year will be one of the largest in this ci

44、ty.A. to buildB. to be builtC. being builtD. having been built26. _of danger in the street at night, she had to go home, with a friend_her.A. Reminding, followingB. Having reminded, followingC. Having been reminded, followingD. Reminded, followed27. From the date _ on the gold coin, we decided that

45、it was made five hundred years ago.A. markingB. markedC. to be markedD. having been marked28. With all their housework _ , the elderly couple went for a walk along the bank, _ the beautiful scenery to relax.A. finished, enjoyedB. to finish, to enjoyC. finished, enjoyingD. finishing, enjoying29. _ th

46、e housing price, several effective measures have been adopted by the government in the past few years.A. LoweringB. LoweredC. Having loweredD. To lower30. _ basic firstaid techniques will help you react quickly to emergencies.A. To knowB. knownC. KnowingD. Having known31. _in 1884, The Adventures of

47、 Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain was one of the first novels in the USA written in common, everyday language.A. Being publishedB. Having publishedC. PublishedD. To be published32. After he woke up, he found himself _ by a group of young villagers.A. being surroundingB. surroundingC. being surroundedD. surrounded33. _ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but _