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1、Between Truth and PowerBetween Truth and PowerThe Legal Constructions of Informational CapitalismJ U L I E E.C O H E N11Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.It furthersthe Universitys objective of excellence in research,scholarship,and educationby publishing worldwide.
2、Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford UniversityPress in the UK and certain other countries.Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press198 Madison Avenue,NewYork,NY 10016,United States of America.Julie E.Cohen 2019All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be
3、reproduced,stored ina retrieval system,or transmied,in any form or by any means,without theprior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,or as expressly permiedby law,by license,or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproductionrights organization.Inquiries concerning reproduction outs
4、ide the scope of theabove should be sent to the Rights Department,Oxford University Press,at theaddress above.You must not circulate this work in any other formand you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.e author has made an online version of the book available under aCreative Commons Ar
5、ibution-Noncommercial-Share Alike License,beginning one year(12 months)aer publication of thehardcover edition of the Work;it will be accessible throughthe authors website at Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames:Cohen,Julie E.,author.Title:Between truth and power:the legal constru
6、ctions of informationalcapitalism/Julie E.Cohen.Description:NewYork,NY:Oxford University Press,2019.|Includes bibliographical references.Identifiers:LCCN 2019002684|ISBN 9780190246693(hardcover)Subjects:LCSH:Internet industryLaw and legislationUnited States.|Trade regulationUnited States.Classificat
7、ion:LCC KF1617.C65 C64 2019|DDC 343.7309/944dc23LC record available at hps:/lccn.loc.gov/20190026841 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2Printed by Sheridan Books,Inc.,United States of AmericaFor Natalie and Donald Cohenparents,teachers,contrariansC O N T E N T SIntroduction:Transforming Institutions1PA RT I:PATTERNS OF
8、 ENTITLEMENT AND DISENTITLEMENT1.Everything Old Is New AgainOr Is It?152.e Biopolitical Public Domain 483.e Information Laboratory 754.Open Networks and Closed Circuits 108PA RT I I:PATTERNS OF INSTITU TIONAL CHANGE5.e End(s)of Judicial Process 1436.e Regulatory State in the Information Age 1707.Net
9、works,Standards,and Transnational Governance Institutions 2028.e Future(s)of Fundamental Rights 238Conclusion:Countermovements,Now and en 269Acknowledgments 273Notes 277Index 357Between Truth and PowerIntroductionTransforming Institutionsis book is a meditation on the future of law and legal institu
10、tions in the networkedinformation age.Its central claims are that as our political economy transforms,ourlegal institutions too are undergoing transformation,and the two sets of processesare inextricably related.Encounters between networked information technologies and law tend to beframed as exampl
11、es of what happens when an irresistible force meets an immov-able object.So,for example,some argue that networked information and commu-nication technologies are technologies of freedom,able to help human civilizationssolve all of our most pressing problemsif only the law,which cannot move at thespe
12、ed of human thought,will stop undermining technologys potential and eitherget with the program or get out of the way.Others assert that it is information tech-nology that fatally undermines the rule of lawthat unbreakable encryption anduntraceable alternative currencies will plunge society into chao
13、s,or that unaccount-able and fundamentally nonhuman artificial intelligences spell the end for slowerand more humane traditions of governance.Whether any of those inspiring or doom-laden predictions will come to passis beyond my ability to know,but their premises are wrong.To begin with,tech-nology
14、is not a monolithic,irresistible force.Networked information technologiesinevitably will alter,and are already altering,the future of law,but not because thereis any single,inevitable arc of technological progress.e reason,rather,is verynearly the opposite:Information technologies are highly configu
15、rable,and theirconfigurability offers multiple points of entry for interested and well-resourcedparties to shape their development.To understand what technology signifies forthe future of law,we must understand how the design of networked informa-tion technologies within business models reflects and
16、 reproduces economic andpolitical power.For similar reasons,law is not an immovable object.Legal scholars who work oninformation policy have been intensely concerned with questions about how existing12I n t r o d u c t i o nal a eglay famewks shl apply fma,alghms,eh-al pls,a le behav,pehaps egg sme
17、hages veage emphass alg he way.ey have aske,he ws,how law should respond he hages g all a.F he ms pa,hey have aske hebae,eflexve qess ab hw e legal ss are already evolving espse he gg asfma plal emyqess,he ws,ab hw law shl apply fma-emy spes,b ahe ab hw bh fma-emy spes a ew fmaalapables ae eshapg he
18、 eepse f law a he sal level.a s amsake.Law s e f he mvg pas,a s aleay espg.Legal ss ffe mlple ps f ey f em a pl-al pwe,a as hey ae else help pe he pf em asehal asfmas ha we see all a s,hey ae beg hage.Sggles shape he paes f fma flw ae seekg ew mes feg a amma wh he legal sysem.Slwly b sely,ha p-ess s
19、 esg he legal sysem self,aleg he sbsae a epeaf fameal legal gaaees,he fa wh whh legal ghs a blgasae efie,a he ways ha hey ae efe.Ne f hs shl spse s,bease e legal sysem s a gea ex-e he p f a eale pe f sehal a em asfma.Fm he lae egheeh ey hgh he m-weeh ey,as aa-bly f sal-age hams beame a pevasve se f
20、fl,legal sysems he salzg wl ewe pf,e shs.he Ue Saes,mpa al,peal,a sal hages le he emegeea gaal efieme f he me pae fm,saaze mmeallaws,ewly expasve eps f lably,ew les f exesg pesaljs ve faaway paes vl spes,lbealze pleag saas,he se f he me eglay sae,a ew paagms f esagsal ghs a he lms.Tay,weshp f fma-ag
21、e eses a aably ffma-age hams have beme pevasve ses f fl,a ffeeks f hage ae emegg:ew lams ab eleme a aably;ew peal eves f vag(elg vae)hse lams lga;ew mehasms f exajal efi a efeme f lamelegal ghs;ew blgas elag fiaal sably,aa pe,a e-wk maageme;ew eglay mehasms f efig a plg mpl-ae wh hse blgas;a ew asaa
22、l ss f em aewk gveae.may ases,hse hages ae hly ese.We aewessg he emegee f legal ss aape he fma age,bhe fm a he sbsae ema eeme.s bk egaes he pssble fes f a legal sysem ha we have me ake f gae.s pemse s ha whe aempg fi es way hghIntroduction3the jungle,it is useful to consider paths of least resistanc
23、e,but it is also essential tounderstand the overall topography,lest one inadvertently stumble into quicksandor wander over a cliff.Rather than offering specific prescriptions for legal reform,it simply seeks to help the reader understand and parse the profound,systemicchanges that are already underw
24、ay.e balance of this introductory chapter lays some essential groundwork.Itbegins by situating networked information technologies and law in relation to ec-onomic and political power.It then briefly sketches the ongoing and interrelatedtransformations in political economy and political ideology(or g
25、overnmentality)that are now underway.Finally,it returns to law,situating legal institutions withinprocesses of economic and ideological transformation.Negotiations:Code and Law betweenTruth andPoweris book derives its title from that of a deceptively small pamphlet,titled“SpeakTruth to Power”and cir
26、culated by intellectual leaders of the Quaker faith in 1955as the Cold War military buildup gathered momentum.1 e pamphlet opposed thebuildup and advocated a peaceful resolution.Critically,it focused not only on themoral costs of militarization but also on the opportunity costs.Resources devotedto t
27、he production and strategic deployment of expensive weapons were resourcesthat could not be devoted to improving standards of living for the worlds neediestpeople.For the writers of the pamphlet,speaking truth to power meant confrontingpower with a fundamental choice between military domination and
28、human well-being,a choice played out not only at the level of policy but also and more funda-mentally at the level of political economy.In the decades since the Cold War,the notion of speaking truth to power has be-come a familiar protest trope,deployed in a wide variety to contexts to signal bothth
29、e power of the moral high ground and the necessity of resistance.ose themesreverberate through contemporary discussions of the nature and social impact ofnetworked information and communications technologies.ey are extraordi-narily important but their expression is oen extraordinarily nave.At its in
30、ception,the internet was conceived as the inevitable servant of truthas a“technology of freedom”that would enable both political and economic self-determination.2 We have known for some time now that this rather deterministicview is too simple.Scholarship in science and technology studies has shown
31、thatnew technologies do not have predetermined,neutral trajectories,but ratherevolve in ways that reflect the particular,situated values and priorities of both theirdevelopers and their users.e various technological layers and protocols that com-prise the internet and the diverse array of devices th
32、at connect to it are no different.4I n t r o d u c t i o nAs aleay e,ewke fma a mma ehlges aehghly figable,a ha haaes evably aws ae he behav-al hages ha ffee figas mgh pe.e plasy f gal“e”affs ps f eglay leveage bh sae a pvae as.3Cempay legal a ply ssss ab he ee a galehlges,hweve,eheless have eae me
33、ha a lle f he galealsm.fme by haaezas f e as eglay,eems lamsab he way ha e“s”have evlve mave lams ab he wayha shl be.F he las w eaes,a lse al f sal mvemes,gvemeal gazas(NGOs),a aaems,je a e me ahe by vas he as,has pme a vs f ewke fmaa mma ehlges as ls f avag he gal f feem fmplal ppess.hse effs,a ffe
34、e k f ehlgal essealsmhas pesse,whh eses he fmla f lams ab he ae f f-ameal ghs ee aess a se.Sh lams seem pesme ha lsf esshp a svellae f fma flws ae aehghs hslea-s,a ha make fes wll e a hem,evzg ehlg-al evelpme ha s eve a egalaa.4 As we wll see hgh hsbk,ha vew s msake a mbe f levels.Eve he ehlges se e
35、ma sees easgly pae,a he e,apables f ffee-a,mla,a e f fma flws.As f he plal a lal fs f law a be smlaly eal-s.e law shl whee eah akes as s m he saeme ha“Law sb he meas;jse s he e,”a may law shls wl esbe he ms-s smlaly.Lawyes esa hemselves be sewas f he pples ass ha hl a sey aable s zes a ake ha mss se
36、-sly.B lawyes a wk play may ffee les elashp bh saea pvae pwe.ey seve as avss f legal meza a as ages fhe pwefl eess ha seek ale exsg pples a ss hew avaage.As we wll see hgh hs bk,meve,hse w lese vege;aves f legal meza have a way f algg wh heeffiees ha pwefl eess have efie a he aalzas hey a-vae fame p
37、ala ks f hage as esable.By he same ke,legal ss ae fixe,Ahmeea ps awhh mes f em evelpme sh a hee.ey ae aeas whheese paes sggle efie wha ses“mal”em gv-eme avy a wha qalfies as aal peal ham,a hey ae alsafas whse fm a f ae peae.We shl be spse see he ess bewee hese mpeg fs beme palaly aeg pes f ap sehal
38、a em hage.A we shl bespse f,as a esl,he ss hemselves beg hage,as well.Introduction5In short,networked digital media technologies and infrastructures are notand never could besimply instrumentalities of liberation,and law is notandnever could besimply an instrumentality for the promotion of just outc
39、omes,a neutral arbiter of disputes,or a disinterested agent of modernization.In theirdifferent ways,both networked media infrastructures and legal institutionssit between truth and power.ey can be means for resisting domination orvehicles for embedding it,but even that formulation is too simple.roug
40、h theircapacities to authorize,channel,and modulate information flows and behaviorpaerns,code and law mediate between truth and power.e terms of the dia-logue are shaped by the technological and institutional selements that emergeas struggles to shape the emerging networked world wind their way towa
41、rdresolution.According to the conventions of many academic disciplines,at this point itwould be appropriate to offer a theory of power in which to ground the inquiry weare about to undertake.e study of law and legal institutions,however,teachesboth appreciation for powers resourcefulness and skeptic
42、ism about the questfor a perfect theoretical construction capable of describing it.e essence ofpower lies precisely in its ability to shape-shito elude the perfect,crystallinecharacterizations with which scholars have aempted to both capture and cabinits methods of operation.Power in operation is pr
43、agmatic,seeking and findingpaths of least resistance and mobilizing the practical and conceptual resourcesthat appear ready to hand.e subject of this inquiry will not be power in theabstract,but rather power in legal-institutional context.at project calls for adifferent kind of table seing.Transform
44、ations:Political Economyas/andGovernmentalityFor some time now,political economies in the developed world have beenundergoing a transformation from industrial to informational capitalism.attransformation in turn has begun to elicit new ways of framing and understandingthe roles of government,and of
45、systems for social ordering more broadly,in relationto private economic activity.Following the sociologist and theorist of the information society ManuelCastells,Iuse“informational capitalism”to refer to the alignment of capitalism as amode of production with informationalism as a mode of developmen
46、t.Capitalism“is oriented toward profit-maximizing,that is,toward increasing the amount ofsurplus appropriated by capital on the basis of the private control over the meansof production and circulation,”while informationalism“is oriented.toward the6I n t r o d u c t i o namla f kwlege a was hghe leve
47、ls f mplexy fma-pessg.”5 a egme f fmaal apalsm,make as se kwl-ege,le,a ewke fma ehlges as meas f exag aapppag spls vale,lg sme spls.My e apg ha famg s sgges ha egla f s-al-ea pesses a makes s lge mpa ha he espgeglay ss ae eessaly bslee.sal hages ae slw apeemeal,a shs plal emy a spa eaes eve ees.Mege
48、eally,he elashp bewee salsm a fmaalsm s se-qeal,b ahe mlave.e emegee f fmaalsm as a me fem evelpme als s pweflly shape by s ala wh ap-als mes f p,wh all f he em,sehal,gazaal,a elgal baggage ha ha hsy eals.6 efeg he sh fm salsm fmaalsm,he,mea make aps(apalyp)pemes ab he e f-sy b ahe ae w ks f fameal
49、asfma.Fs s amveme away fm a emy ee ppally wa mafag aelae aves wa e ee ppally wa he p,amla-,a pessg f fma.a fma emy,he mass mel fp ha emege he sal ea s self easgly eee waevelpme f elleal a fmaal gs a seves,p asb f sme fma ehlges,a weshp f seve-e-lvey eepses.7 Se s a asfma he f eve aalsal avy.a fma em
50、y,fma ehlgy assmes aeasgly pme le he l f sal p a he ma-ageme f all ks f eepses.8Sme aaems a lay mmeas wh sy he emegg ewke-fma sey efy aal,s phases f plal em asf-ma.Sme f hse phasessh as sme apalsm,maageal apalsm,fiaal apalsm,a svellae apalsmvlve hages he measf spls exa.9 Alhgh hee s mh lea fm he eal
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