八年级上册英语语法总复习外语学习语法 外语学习语法 .pdf

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1、八年级上册英语语法汇总 1)英语中的“单数”1.主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“he,she,it”代替的.he,she,it,my friend,his teacher,our classroom,Tom,Marys uncle 2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。man 单数-men 复数 banana 单数-bananas 复数 3.动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing分词,过去式,过去分词。go-goes-going-went-gone work-works-working-worked-worked watch-watches-watching-watched-watched 当主语为第

2、三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式 e.g.The boy wants to be a sales assistant.Our English teacher is from the US.Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.2)什么是助动词 1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词.被协助的动词称作主要动词.助动词自身没有词义 e.g.He doesnt like English.doesnt 是助动词,无词义 like 是主要动词,有词义 2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来 a.表示时态 e.

3、g.He is singing.e.g.He has got married.b.表示语态 e.g.He was sent to England.c.构成疑问句 e.g.Do you like college life?e.g.Did you study English before you came here?d.与否定副词 not 合用,e.g.I dont like him.e.加强语气 e.g.Do come to the party tomorrow evening.e.g.He did know that.3.最常用的助动词:be,have,do,shall,will,should

4、,would 3)不定冠词a与an的使用 1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前.e.g.There is a b in the word book.单词 book 中有个字母 b。类似的字母还有 c,d,g,j,k,p,q,t,u,v,w,y,z。e.g.She has a small knife.她有一把小刀。2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。e.g.There is an i in the word onion.单词 onion 中有个字母 i。类似的字母还有 a,e,f,h,l,m,n,o,r,s,x。e.g.Do you have an umbrella?3.以元音字母开头的单词前面

5、不一定都用 an,以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用 a。a useful book a universe a one-letter word an hour an uncle an umbrella an honest person 4)leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”e.g.When did you leave Shanghai?2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”eg.Next Friday,Alice is leaving for London.3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”e.g.Why are you leav

6、ing Shanghai for Beijing?4.Leave sth.in/at sp.把某物遗忘在某地 e.g.I left my bag in the classroom.5)情态动词should“应该”should 作为情态动词用”的意思 e.g.How should I know?Why should you be so late today?should 有时表示应当做或发生的事 e.g.We should help each other.我们在使用时要注意以下几点 1.用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈 e.g.You should be here

7、with clean hands.你应该把手洗干净了再来。2.用于提出意见劝导别人。e.g.You should go to the doctor if you feel ill.3.用于表示可能性。should 的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。e.g.We should arrive by supper time.我们在晚饭前就能到了。e.g.She should be here any moment.她随时都可能来。6)What.?与 Which.?1.what 与 which 都是疑问代词what 仅用来询问职业。e.g.What is your father?你父亲是干什么的=W

8、hat does your father do?=What is your fathers job?Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。-Which is Peter?-The boy behind Mary.玛丽背后的那个男孩。2.What.泛指,而 Which.特指,所指的事物有范围的限制 e.g.What color do you like best?e.g.Which color do you like best,blue,green or yellow?3.what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。e.g.Which pictures are from Ch

9、ina?哪 7)频度副词的位置 1.常见的频度副词有以下这些 always 总是 usually 通常 often 常常 sometimes 有时候 seldom/hardly ever never 2.频度副词的位置 数单数复数动词有原形第三人称单数形式分词过去式过去分词当主语为第三人称单数的时候谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式什么是助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词被协助的动词称作主要动词助动词自身问句与否定副词合用加强语气最常用的助动词不定冠词与的使用用在以辅音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有她有一把小刀用于以元音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有以

10、元音字母开头的单词前面不开某地去某地把某物遗忘在某地情态动词应该作为情态动词用有时表示应当做或发生的事的意思我们在使用时要注意以下几点用于表示应该或不应该的概念此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈你应该把手洗干净了再来用于提出意见劝导别 a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。e.g.David is often arrives late for school.b.放在行为动词前。e.g.We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾,用来表示强调。Sometimes I walk home,sometime I rides a bi

11、ke.3.never 放在句首时,主语、谓语动词要倒装。e.g.Never have I been there.8)every day 与 everyday 1.every day 作状语 e.g.We go to school at 7:10 every day.e.g.I decide to read English every day.2.everyday 作定语 e.g.She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.e.g.Whats your everyday activity?你的日常活动是什么 9)forget doing/to

12、do与remember doing/to do 1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。(已做)e.g.The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.(没有做关灯的动作)e.g.He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)e.g.Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come 动作未做)典型例题-The light in the office is still o

13、n.-Oh,I forgot_.A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off 2.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)e.g.Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。e.g.Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?10)Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1.for sb.常用于表示事

14、物的特征特点,形容词有：easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible 等 e.g.Its very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德。形容词 good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right等 e.g.Its very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。3.for 与 of 的辨别方法 用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语造个句子。如果道理上通顺,用 of;不通则用 f

15、or.e.g.You are nice.(of)。e.g.He is hard.(for。)11)so、such与不定冠词的使用 1.so 与不定冠词 a、an 连用so+形容词+a/an+名词”。e.g.He is so funny a boy.e.g.Jim has so big a house.2.such 与不定冠词 a、an 连用such+a/an+形容词+名词”.e.g.It is such a nice day.e.g.That was such an interesting story.数单数复数动词有原形第三人称单数形式分词过去式过去分词当主语为第三人称单数的时候谓语动词必须

16、用相应的第三人称单数形式什么是助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词被协助的动词称作主要动词助动词自身问句与否定副词合用加强语气最常用的助动词不定冠词与的使用用在以辅音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有她有一把小刀用于以元音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有以元音字母开头的单词前面不开某地去某地把某物遗忘在某地情态动词应该作为情态动词用有时表示应当做或发生的事的意思我们在使用时要注意以下几点用于表示应该或不应该的概念此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈你应该把手洗干净了再来用于提出意见劝导别3.so.that.&such.that.译为：如此.以至于.E.g.He is su

17、ch a lovely baby that we all love him.E.g.He is so lovely that we all love him.12)使用-ing分词的几种情况 1.在进行时态中.e.g.He is watching TV in the room.e.g.They were dancing at nine oclock last night.2.在 there be 结构中.e.g.There is a boy swimming in the river.3.在 have fun/problems 结构中.e.g.We have fun learning Engl

18、ish this term.e.g.They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.4.在介词后面。e.g.Thanks for helping me.e.g.Are you good at playing basketball.5.做伴随状语 e.g.She entered the room,dancing and singing.6.在以下结构中 enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事 finish doing sth 完成做某事 feel like doing sth 想要做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 fo

19、rget doing sth 忘记做过某事 go on doing sth 继续做某事 remember doing sth 记得做过某事 like doing sth 喜欢做某事 keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事 miss doing sth 错过做某事 find/see/hear/watch sb doing sth 发现/看到/听到/观看某人做某事 try doing sth 试图做某事 need doing sth 需要做某事 prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事 mind doing sth 介意做某事 practice doing sth 练习做某事 b

20、e busy doing sth 忙于做某事 cant help doing sth 禁不住做某事 13)名词的复数构成的几种形式 名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。I 名词复数的规则变化 1.一般在名词词尾加-s。pear-pears hamburger-hamburgers desk-desks tree-trees 2.以字母-s,-sh,-ch,-x 结尾的名词,词尾加-es。class-classes dish-dishes watch-watches box-boxes 3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词,有生命的词尾加-es，无生命的加-s.potato-potatoes

21、tomato-tomatoes photo-photos hero-heroes 4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词-y变为-i,再加-es。如 family-families dictionary-dictionaries city-cities country-countries 5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词,将-f或-fe变为-v再加-es。half-halves leaf-leaves thief-thieves knife-knives self-selves wife-wives life-lives wolf-wolves shelf-shelves loaf-loaves so

22、+adj./adv.that+句子 such+adj.+n.that+句子 数单数复数动词有原形第三人称单数形式分词过去式过去分词当主语为第三人称单数的时候谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式什么是助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词被协助的动词称作主要动词助动词自身问句与否定副词合用加强语气最常用的助动词不定冠词与的使用用在以辅音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有她有一把小刀用于以元音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有以元音字母开头的单词前面不开某地去某地把某物遗忘在某地情态动词应该作为情态动词用有时表示应当做或发生的事的意思我们在使用时要注意以下几点用于表示应

23、该或不应该的概念此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈你应该把手洗干净了再来用于提出意见劝导别但是scarf-scarves(fes)roof-roofs gulf-gulfs chief-chiefs proof-proofs belief-beliefs II 名词复数的不规则变化 1.将-oo改为-ee。e.g.foot-feet tooth-teeth 2.将-man改为-men。e.g.man-men woman-women policeman-policemen postman-postmen 3.添加词尾。e.g.child-children 4.单复数同形。e.g.sheep-sheep

24、deer-deer fish-fish people-people 5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变,其它国把-s加后面”。Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Swiss-Swiss Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen American-Americans Australian-Australians Canadian-Canadians Korean-Koreans Russian-Russians Indian-Indians 6.其它。mouse-mice apple tree-appl

25、e trees man teacher-men teachers 14)肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词 1.some 变为 any。e.g.There are some birds in the tree.There arent any birds in the tree.但是若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中 some 可以不变。e.g.Would you like some orange juice?与此相关的一些不定代词如 something,somebody 等也要进行相应变化。2.and 变为 or。e.g.I have a knife and a ruler.I dont have

26、 a knife or a ruler.3.a lot of(=lots of)变为 many 或 much。e.g.They have a lot of friends.They dont have many friends.There is lots of orange in the bottle.There isnt much orange in the bottle.4.already 变为 yet。e.g.I have been there already.I havent been there yet.15)in与after in 与 after 都可以表示时间,但二者有所区别。1

27、.in 经常用于将来时的句子中,以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间。e.g.He will leave for Beijing in a week.一周后他会动身去北京。2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中,以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间 e.g.He left for Beijing after a week.一周后他动身去了北京。不过,如果 after 后跟的是具体的时刻,它也可用于将来时。e.g.We will finish the work after ten oclock.十点后我们会完成工作的。3.注意区分以下的 in 的用法。e.g.Ill visit him in a week.

28、一周后我会去拜访他。e.g.Ill visit him twice in a week.一周内我会去拜访他两次。16)如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种,常见的有以下这些 1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。e.g.He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。e.g.Youd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。数单数复数动词有原形第三人称单数形式分词过去式过去分词当主语为第三人称单数的时候谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式什么是助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词被协助的动词称作主要动词助动词自身问句

29、与否定副词合用加强语气最常用的助动词不定冠词与的使用用在以辅音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有她有一把小刀用于以元音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有以元音字母开头的单词前面不开某地去某地把某物遗忘在某地情态动词应该作为情态动词用有时表示应当做或发生的事的意思我们在使用时要注意以下几点用于表示应该或不应该的概念此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈你应该把手洗干净了再来用于提出意见劝导别2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。e.g.The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。The girl is wearing a red skirt

30、.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。3、dress 可作及物动词.穿衣”的意思,而不是“衣服”。e.g.Please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。dress 也可作不及物动词,表示衣着的习惯 e.g.The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。4、be in+颜色：表示穿着的状态。e.g.John is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。e.g.The man in black is a football coach.17)a little,a few 与 a bit(of)“一些

31、、少量”1.a little 意为“一些、少量”,后接不可数名词。e.g.There is a little water in the bottle.还可以接形容词.e.g.He is a little shy.2.a few 意为“一些、少数”,后接复数的可数名词。e.g.There are a few people in the room.3.a bit 意为“一点儿”,后接形容词。e.g.Its a bit cold.a bit of 后接不可数名词。e.g.He has a bit of money.4.a little 表肯定意义,little 表否定意义,a few 表肯定意义,f

32、ew 表否定意义。e.g.There is a little soda in the glass.杯子里有一点儿汽水。e.g.There is little soda in the glass.杯子里几乎没有汽水了。e.g.I have a few Chinese friends.我有一些中国朋友。e.g.Few people like him.几乎没有人喜欢他。5.a little=a bit of 后接不可数名词 a little=a bit=a little bit=kind of后接形容词,意为“有点儿”18)关于like的用法 like 可以作动词,也可以作介词。1.like 作动词

33、,表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”e.g.Do you like the color?like 后可接不定式 like to do sth;也可接动词的-ing分词 e.g.She likes eating apples.She likes to eat an apple.like 与 would 连用,后接不定式,表示愿望或客气的请求 e.g.Would you like a cup of tea?“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth”。e.g.They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都喜欢我

34、唱英文歌。2.like 作介词.”e.g.She is friendly to us like a mother.It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。3.区分以下句子 A.What does he look like?B.What is he like?A 句译为“他长相如何”,指一个人的外貌特征,而 B 句译为“他人怎么样”指人的性格特点。19)stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth 1.stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”。数单数复数动词有原形第三人称单数形式分词过去式过去分词当主语为第三人称单数的时候谓语动词必须用相应

35、的第三人称单数形式什么是助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词被协助的动词称作主要动词助动词自身问句与否定副词合用加强语气最常用的助动词不定冠词与的使用用在以辅音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有她有一把小刀用于以元音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有以元音字母开头的单词前面不开某地去某地把某物遗忘在某地情态动词应该作为情态动词用有时表示应当做或发生的事的意思我们在使用时要注意以下几点用于表示应该或不应该的概念此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈你应该把手洗干净了再来用于提出意见劝导别e.g.The students stop to listen to their teach

36、er.2.stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事”。e.g.The students stopped talking.学生们停止了谈话。与它们相反的句式是:go on to do sth“继续做某事与刚才一事不同”和 go on doing sth“继续做某事与刚才同一件事”。e.g.He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.他完成了作业,接着继续去念英语。They went on playing games.他们继续玩游戏。20)tell,speak,say 与 talk 1.tell 意为“告诉、讲述”指某人把某一件

37、事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。e.g.He tells me that he wants to be a teacher.e.g.Father always tells interesting stories to us.tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”e.g.He told me something about his past.tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”e.g.David told his son to do the homework.2.speak 意为“说话、讲话”,后面主要接语言.e.g.He can speak English a

38、nd a little Chinese.speak to 意为“和.讲话、谈话”。e.g.Can I speak to Mr Zhang?speak of 意为“提到、说起”e.g.The book speaks of my hometown.3.talk 意为“谈话、讲话”如果只有一方对另一方说话时,一般用 talk to;如果双方或多方谈,多用 with。e.g.Please talk to him right now.e.g.He is talking with his friend.talk about 意为“谈论.”。e.g.They are talking about the mo

39、vie.have a talk with 意为“与.交谈”。e.g.Can I have a talk with you?4.say 意为“说”e.g.Can you say it in English once more?say to 意为“对.说”。e.g.He said to his students that they would have a test.It is said that.意为“据说”。e.g.It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time.21)Excuse me!与 Im sorry!1.Ex

40、cuse me!意为“打搅了,对不起”一般是为了与陌生人搭话或者要打断对方所说做的事。e.g.Excuse me,is there a hotel in the neighborhood?Excuse me,could I say something?2.Im sorry!意为“对不起”表示道歉。e.g.Im sorry,Mr Zhang.I wont do it again.22)表示时间的 in、on 与 at in,on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词组连用。1.in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间。in the morning in May,2004 in a week Its Sunda

41、y,I can finish it in two days.Rome was not built in a day.2.on 主要指在具体的一天 on Sunday on May Day on a hot afternoon He arrived in Beijing on April 26,2004.数单数复数动词有原形第三人称单数形式分词过去式过去分词当主语为第三人称单数的时候谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式什么是助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词被协助的动词称作主要动词助动词自身问句与否定副词合用加强语气最常用的助动词不定冠词与的使用用在以辅音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字

42、母类似的字母还有她有一把小刀用于以元音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有以元音字母开头的单词前面不开某地去某地把某物遗忘在某地情态动词应该作为情态动词用有时表示应当做或发生的事的意思我们在使用时要注意以下几点用于表示应该或不应该的概念此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈你应该把手洗干净了再来用于提出意见劝导别3.at 表示时间的一点或比较短的时间。at 8:00 在八点 at noon 在中午 e.g.I always get up at 6:00 every morning.Its always warm at this time of year.23)Other及其用法 Other 及其相

43、近的词组:others,the other,the others,another,any other 1、other 指其余的人或物,所有格是 others 复数形式是 others.2、the other 指“两个人或物中的另一个”,其复数形式是 the others,others 相当于“other+名词”,others 指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分,但不是全部的.即 some.others 一些.其余的人.the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部,即 some.the others.3、another 泛指三个以上的不定数目中的“另外一个”。由 an 和 other 合并

44、构成,所以不能和冠词连用。another 修饰单数名词,如 another pencil.4、any other 指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物“，后面要用名词的单数形式。24)look 短语 常见的 look 短语有以下这些 1.look at 朝.看 e.g.Please look at the map of China.(look at=have a look at)2.look for 寻找 e.g.The old man is looking for his dog.3.look like 看起来像 e.g.Nancy looks like her mother.4.look t

45、he same 看上去一样 e.g.Li Ping and Li Jing look the same.5.look up 查找 e.g.Please look up the word in the dictionary.6.look over 仔细检查 e.g.The doctor looked over Mary carefully.7.look after 照顾,照看 e.g.You must look after your old father.8.look around 到处寻找、查看 e.g.We looked around,but we found nothing strange

46、.25)too,also与 either 1.too 用于肯定句和疑问句,一般放在句尾,其前常加逗号。e.g.We are in the same school,too.Do you play soccer every day,too?2.also 用于肯定句和疑问句,一般位于实义动词前、be 动词后。e.g.Sandra is also a Korean student.3.either 用于否定句,一般放在句末。e.g.They dont know the answer,either.4.as well as 也有“也”的意思 e.g.We have great mushroom pizz

47、a as well as soda.He is a happy boy as well.26)hard与hardly 1.hard既可作形容词.Its a hard(adj.)question.(=difficult)e.g.The boy studies very hard(adv.).句子结构 Its hard for sb to do sth 做某事对某人来说是难的。e.g.Its hard for him to finish the work.数单数复数动词有原形第三人称单数形式分词过去式过去分词当主语为第三人称单数的时候谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式什么是助动词协助主要动词构成

48、谓语动词词组的词叫助动词被协助的动词称作主要动词助动词自身问句与否定副词合用加强语气最常用的助动词不定冠词与的使用用在以辅音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有她有一把小刀用于以元音音素开头的单词前单词中有个字母类似的字母还有以元音字母开头的单词前面不开某地去某地把某物遗忘在某地情态动词应该作为情态动词用有时表示应当做或发生的事的意思我们在使用时要注意以下几点用于表示应该或不应该的概念此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈你应该把手洗干净了再来用于提出意见劝导别 注意 hard work work hard 2.hardly 是频度副词,表示否定的意思.=almost not 通常用在形容词、副词

49、和动词之前。e.g.I can hardly see it.27)sometime,sometimes,some time与some times 1.sometime 是时间副词,指不确定的将来或过去某一点时间,某时候或任何时候 e.g.Well go to Beijing sometime next month.2.sometimes 是频度副词=at times。e.g.Sometimes I get up very late on Sunday morning.3.some time 是名词词组,指一段时间,一些时间或若干时间。e.g.It took him some time to f

50、inish the book.4.some times 指“几次”e.g.He met the woman some times last month.28)exercise的一些用法 1.作不及物动词 e.g.David exercises every morning.2.作及物动词e.g.Swimming exercises the whole body.3.作名词,译为“体育锻炼、运动、体操、练习题”等。e.g.Its good to do eye exercises every day.Please do more exercise from now on.I have lots of