美国2023+年贸易政策议程和+2022+年年度报告.pdf

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1、2023 Trade Policy Agenda A N D 2022 Annual Reportof the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements ProgramUnited States Trade RepresentativeHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH FOREWORD The 2023 Trade Policy Agenda and 2022 Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreement

2、s Program are submitted to the Congress pursuant to Section 163 of the Trade Act of 1974,as amended(19 U.S.C.2213).Chapter IV and Annex III of this document meet the requirements of Sections 122 and 124 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act with respect to the World Trade Organization.This report incl

3、udes an annex listing trade agreements entered into by the United States since 1984.This report also includes an annex on U.S.trade in 2022,for which goods trade data by country are for full year 2022 and full-year services data by country are for 2021(latest data available).The Office of the United

4、 States Trade Representative(USTR)is responsible for the preparation of this document and gratefully acknowledges the contributions of all USTR staff to its writing and production.We note,in particular,the contributions of Laura Buffo,Teresa Howes,Daniel Leibowitz,Amy Morris,and Andrew ONeil.Appreci

5、ation is extended to partner Trade Policy Staff Committee agencies.March 2023 LIST OF FREQUENTLY USED ACRONYMS AD.Antidumping AfCFTA.African Continental Free Trade Area AGOA.African Growth and Opportunity Act APEC.Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEP.American Partnership for Economic Prosperity AS

6、EAN.Association of Southeast Asian Nations CAFTA-DR.Dominican RepublicCentral AmericaUnited States Free Trade Agreement CBERA.Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act CBI.Caribbean Basin Initiative CBP.U.S.Department of Homeland Security Customs and Border Protection CVD.Countervailing Duty DOL.U.S.Dep

7、artment of Labor DSB.WTO Dispute Settlement Body DSU.WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding DST.Digital Services Tax EU.European Union FOIA.Freedom of Information Act GATT.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATS.General Agreement on Trade in Services GDP.Gross Domestic Product GI.Geographical Indi

8、cation GPA.WTO Agreement on Government Procurement GSP.Generalized System of Preferences ICTIME.Interagency Center on Trade Implementation,Monitoring,and Enforcement ILO.International Labor Organization IP.Intellectual Property IPEF.Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity ITA.WTO Information

9、Technology Agreement KORUS.United StatesKorea Free Trade Agreement MENA.Middle East and North Africa MFN.Most-Favored-Nation MOU.Memorandum of Understanding NAFTA.North American Free Trade Agreement OECD.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development SBA.U.S.Small Business Administration SCM.

10、WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures SME.Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise SPS.Sanitary and Phytosanitary TAA.Trade Adjustment Assistance TBT.Technical Barriers to Trade TFA.WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement TIFA.Trade and Investment Framework Agreement TPRG.Trade Policy Review Grou

11、p TPSC.Trade Policy Staff Committee TRIMS.Trade-Related Investment Measures TRIPS.Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights TRQ.Tariff-Rate Quota USAID.U.S.Agency for International Development USITC.U.S.International Trade Commission USMCA.United StatesMexicoCanada Agreement USTR.United

12、States Trade Representative WTO.World Trade Organization TABLE OF CONTENTS THE PRESIDENTS 2023 TRADE POLICY AGENDA.1 I.INTRODUCTION.1 II.ADVANCING A WORKER-CENTERED TRADE POLICY.2 A.Standing up for Workers Rights.2 B.Accelerating Decarbonization and Promoting Sustainable Environmental Practices.5 C.

13、Supporting U.S.Agriculture.8 D.Bolstering Supply Chain Resilience.9 III.RE-ALIGNING THE U.S.-CHINA TRADE RELATIONSHIP.10 IV.ENGAGING WITH KEY TRADING PARTNERS AND MULTILATERIAL INSTITUTIONS.11 A.Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity.12 B.Americas Partnership for Economic Prosperity.13 C.Wor

14、ld Trade Organization.13 D.Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.14 E.Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.15 F.Bilateral Initiatives.15 1.European Union.15 2.Taiwan.16 3.Kenya.16 4.India.17 5.Japan.17 6.Korea.17 7.Singapore.18 8.United Kingdom.18 9.African Continental Free Trade Area.

15、18 V.PROMOTING CONFIDENCE IN TRADE POLICY THROUGH ENFORCEMENT.19 VI.PROMOTING EQUITABLE,INCLUSIVE,AND DURABLE TRADE POLICY AND EXPANDING STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT.20 A.Promoting Equitable,Inclusive,and Durable Trade Policy.20 B.Engagement and Consultation with Partners and Stakeholders.21 THE 2022 ANNU

16、AL REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT ON THE TRADE AGREEMENTS PROGRAM.1 I.AGREEMENTS,NEGOTIATIONS,AND OTHER INITIATIVES.1 A.New Trade Initiatives.1 1.Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity(Pillar I:Trade).1 2.United StatesTaiwan Initiative on 21st-Century Trade.1 3.United StatesKenya Strategic Trade an

17、d Investment Partnership.2 4.United StatesEuropean Union Trade and Technology Council.2 5.Americas Partnership for Economic Prosperity.3 6.African Continental Free Trade Area Memorandum of Understanding.4 B.Free Trade Agreements in Force.4 1.Australia.4 2.Bahrain.4 3.Central America and the Dominica

18、n Republic.5 4.Chile.11 5.Colombia.11 6.Israel.13 7.Jordan.13 8.Korea.15 9.Mexico and Canada.15 10.Morocco.18 11.Oman.19 12.Panama.19 13.Peru.20 14.Singapore.22 C.Other Agreements and Trade-Related Initiatives.22 1.The Americas.22 2.Europe and the Middle East.24 3.Japan,Republic of Korea,and the Asi

19、a-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum.27 4.China,Hong Kong,Taiwan,and Mongolia.29 5.Southeast Asia and the Pacific.30 6.Sub-Saharan Africa.32 7.South and Central Asia.34 D.Preference Programs.35 1.Generalized System of Preferences.35 2.African Growth and Opportunity Act.36 3.Haitian Hemispheric Oppor

20、tunity Through Partnership Encouragement Act.38 4.Nepal Trade Preference Program.38 5.Caribbean Basin Initiative.38 II.TRADE ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES.41 A.Overview.41 B.Section 301.43 1.Chinas Acts,Policies,and Practices Related to Technology Transfer,Intellectual Property,and Innovation.44 i.United S

21、tatesChina Economic and Trade Agreement.46 ii.Product Exclusions.46 2.European Union Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones).47 3.Digital Services Taxes.49 i.France Digital Services Taxes.49 ii.Other Digital Services Taxes.49 4.Enforcement of U.S.WTO Rights in European Union Large Civil

22、 Aircraft Dispute.54 5.Vietnams Acts,Policies,and Practices Related to the Import and Use of Illegal Timber.56 6.Vietnams Acts,Policies,and Practices Related to Currency Valuation.57 C.Section 201.58 D.WTO and FTA Enforcement.59 E.Other Monitoring and Enforcement Activities.112 1.Preference Programs

23、 Monitoring and Enforcement.112 2.Special 301.115 3.Section 1377 Review of Telecommunications Agreements.117 4.Section 337.117 5.Antidumping Actions.119 6.Countervailing Duty Actions.120 7.Subsidies Monitoring and Other Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Enforcement.121 III.OTHER TRADE ACTIVITIES.1

24、23 A.Promoting Equitable,Inclusive and Durable Trade Policy and Expanding Stakeholder Engagement.123 1.Overview of Intersectional and Interconnected Strategies and Actions.123 2.Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities.124 3.Advancing Gender Equity and Equality and Womens Econ

25、omic Empowerment in Trade Policy.127 4.Strengthening Data to Consider and Improve the Distributional Effects of Trade.131 5.Expanded and Consistent Inclusive Engagement.132 B.Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Initiative.133 C.Agriculture and Trade.137 1.Opening Export Markets for American Agricultur

26、e.137 2.Bilateral and Regional Activities.141 3.Agriculture in the World Trade Organization.145 4.Enforcing Trade Agreements for American Agriculture.146 D.Digital Trade and Services.146 E.Intellectual Property.147 F.Manufacturing and Trade.149 G.Trade and the Environment.151 1.Free Trade Agreements

27、 and Bilateral Activities.152 2.Regional,Multilateral,and International Organization Engagement.158 H.Trade and Labor.159 1.Free Trade Agreements and Bilateral Activities.160 2.Preference Programs.165 3.Regional,Multilateral,and International Organization Engagement.166 4.Combating Forced Labor in G

28、lobal Supply Chains.168 5.Trade Adjustment Assistance.170 I.Trade Capacity Building.172 1.The Enhanced Integrated Framework.172 2.U.S.Trade-Related Assistance under the World Trade Organization Framework.172 3.Trade Capacity Building Initiatives for Africa.174 4.Free Trade Agreements.175 5.Standards

29、 Alliance.175 J.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.176 1.Trade Committee Work Program.176 2.Trade Committee Dialogue with Non-OECD Members.177 3.Other OECD Work Related to Trade.178 IV.THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION.179 A.Introduction.179 B.WTO Negotiations and Dialogues.180 1.Joint

30、 Statement Initiatives.180 2.Other Negotiations.182 C.General Council Activities.183 D.Council for Trade in Goods.184 1.Committee on Agriculture.184 2.Committee on Antidumping Practices.185 3.Committee on Customs Valuation.185 4.Committee on Import Licensing.185 5.Committee on Market Access.186 6.Co

31、mmittee on Rules of Origin.186 7.Committee on Safeguards.186 8.Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.187 9.Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.187 10.Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade.188 11.Committee on Trade Facilitation.188 12.Committee on Trade-Related Investment

32、 Measures.189 13.Committee on Participants on the Expansion of Trade in Information Technology Products.189 14.Working Party on State Trading Enterprises.189 E.Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.190 F.Council for Trade in Services.190 1.Committee on Trade in Financial

33、Services.191 2.Working Party on Domestic Regulation,and Joint Statement Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation.191 3.Working Party on General Agreement on Trade in Services Rules.191 4.Committee on Specific Commitments.191 G.Other General Council Bodies and Activities.191 1.Committee on Trade an

34、d Environment.191 2.Committee on Trade and Development.192 3.Committee on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions.193 4.Committee on Budget,Finance and Administration.193 5.Committee on Regional Trade Agreements.193 6.Accessions to the World Trade Organization.194 7.Working Group on Trade,Debt and Finance.

35、195 8.Working Group on Trade and Transfer of Technology.195 9.Work Program on Electronic Commerce.196 H.Dispute Settlement Understanding.196 I.Trade Policy Review Body.198 J.Plurilateral Agreements.200 1.Committee on Trade in Civil Aircraft.200 2.Committee on Government Procurement.200 3.Information

36、 Technology Agreement Committee.201 V.TRADE POLICY DEVELOPMENT.203 A.Policy Coordination.203 B.Transparency and Public Input.204 1.Transparency.204 2.Public Outreach.205 3.The Trade Advisory Committee System.206 4.Tribal,State and Local Government Relations.209 5.Freedom of Information Act.210 C.Con

37、gressional Consultations.210 ANNEX I:U.S.TRADE IN 2022.213 I.2022 Overview.215 II.Exports.217 A.U.S.Goods Exports.218 B.U.S.Services Exports.219 III.Imports.219 A.U.S.Goods Imports.219 B.U.S.Services Imports.221 IV.The U.S.Trade Balance.222 ANNEX II:U.S.TRADE-RELATED AGREEMENTS AND DECLARATIONS.223

38、I.Agreements That Have Entered Into Force.225 II.Agreements That Have Been Negotiated,But Have Not Yet Entered Into Force.253 III.Other Trade-Related Agreements,Understandings and Declarations.255 ANNEX III:BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE WTO.269 THE PRESIDENTS 2023 TRADE POLICY AGENDA THE PRESIDENTS

39、2023 TRADE POLICY AGENDA|1 THE PRESIDENTS TRADE POLICY AGENDA I.INTRODUCTION The Biden Administration promised to build the economy from the bottom up and the middle out,and we are doing just that.Unemployment is at its lowest rate in over 50 years.This Administration has seen more jobs created in t

40、wo years than any other Administration has seen in four.Manufacturing is rebounding faster than it has in almost 40 years,while wages are rising,and rising even faster for lower-and middle-income workers.The American Rescue Plan,the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,the CHIPS and Science Act,and the Inf

41、lation Reduction Act were historic investments in America,and they are working.The Biden Administration continues to believe that trade canand shouldbe a force for good.Done right,and in coordination with other policy disciplines,it can grow the middle class,address inequality,tackle the climate cri

42、sis,and level the playing field by promoting fair competition.We remain committed to upholding a fair and open global trading systemone that puts working families first,raises living standards,ensures full employment,and promotes sustainable development.We are continuing to rewrite the story on trad

43、e by bringing more people into the process and developing policies and initiatives that are resilient and sustainable and create broad-based growth.In 2023,our trade agenda will continue to focus on unlocking new opportunities for American workers and familieswhile also supporting and strengthening

44、the middle class,driving decarbonization,and creating good-paying jobs across the American economy.In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and Russias brutal,illegal attack on Ukraine,it also means fortifying relationships with our partners and allies and strengthening critical supply chains to wi

45、thstand shocks and disruptions to the system and to defend democratic values.To realize this vision,we are continuing to forge the partnerships necessary to update and enforce the rules governing the global economy and trade.In the Indo-Pacific and the Western Hemisphere,the United States is leading

46、 with a positive economic vision through the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity and the Americas Partnership for Economic Prosperity.With the European Union,we continue to deepen our relationship and intensify cooperation on pressing challenges,such as the Peoples Republic of Chinas(PRC)

47、non-market policies and practices.Further,we are intensifying negotiations on a first-of-its-kind trade arrangement to address non-market excess capacity and the greenhouse gas emissions of imported steel and aluminum.We are also continuing to build out the Trade and Technology Council,and the Trade

48、 and Labor Dialogue under its umbrella,to pursue shared priorities,including supply chain resilience,challenges posed by non-market economies,inclusive digital trade,and the elimination of forced labor.Additionally,in 2022,we kicked off ambitious initiatives with Taiwan and Kenya to deepen our trade

49、 and economic relationships with both partners,and we aim to make rapid progress on both initiatives in 2023.At the World Trade Organization(WTO),after working with WTO Members to deliver key outcomes during the Twelfth Ministerial Conference,the United States is driving the conversation on transfor

50、ming the institution to be more responsive to the rapidly changing global economic environment and to the needs of everyday people.Moreover,following the successful U.S.Africa Leaders Summit last year,the Administration will continue to strengthen our partnerships with the African continent and to s