1998年历年考研英语真题.docx

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1、1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题vbr/Cloze TestDirections ： For each numbered blank in the following passage9 there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Until recent

2、lyvu I v/u most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 1 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that itsu 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for theu 4 v/

3、uof the English population.5 v/ucontrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, vu 7 v/u, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialistsu 8 v/uhistory and economics, have 9 v/ut

4、wo things： that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 v/u by great poverty, and thatindustrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.D predictedD normalD immediate D magnitudeD ByD completely D moreover D for D speculatedD marked

5、Reading ComprehensionDirections ： Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the co

6、rresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points) TextlFew creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankincfs long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is

7、 also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesnt help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypts lead

8、ership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftall in return for a g

9、iant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that itbarely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danub

10、e. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this ev

11、en though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conf

12、licts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence o

13、f Paragraph 1 implies that.| A people would be happy if they shut their eyesto reality B the blind could be happier than the sightedC over-excited people tend to neglect vital thingsD fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In Paragraph 5， the powerless” probably refers to.A areas short of e

14、lectricityB dams without power stationsC poor countries around IndiaD common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams? A They bring in more fertile soil.B They help defend the country.C They strengthen international ties.D They have universal control of the waters.14.

15、 What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.A Its no use crying over spilt milkB More haste, less speedvbr /C Look before you leap”D “He who laughs last laughs best”bi7Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hea

16、r tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on ave

17、rage by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at th

18、is point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some

19、of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplaceall that re-engineering anddownsizingare only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many otherfactors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in e

20、ducation and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity： switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the

21、business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much re

22、-engineering“ has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-

23、term profitability. BBDOs Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbishtheworst sort of ambulance chasing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is.A not as good as it seemsB at its turning pointC much better than it see

24、msD near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth.A exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB fall short of businessmens anticipationC meet the expectation of businesspeopleD fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pa

25、in without gain? because.A he questions the truth of no gain without pairTvbr /B he does not think the productivity revolution worksfC he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned

26、in the passage? A Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.|B New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.D The consultants are a bunch of good - fornothings.Text 3Science has lon

27、g had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism/u between science and the humanities has, if anyth

28、ing, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti - science in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist

29、at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University； and The Demon Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as The Flight from Science and Reason, “ held in New York City in 1995, and

30、Science in the Age of (Mis) information, which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity. Sagan is more concerned

31、 with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti -science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks

32、of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science andlongs for return to a pre - technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concer

33、ned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are tho

34、se who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti -science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. The term anti science can lump together too many, quite different thin

35、gs, “ notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti Science, They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means.A confr

36、ontation B dissatisfaction C separation20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to. A discuss the cause of the decline of sciences power C explain the way in which science develops humanitiesA confrontation B dissatisfaction C separation20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to. A discuss the cause of the dec

37、line of sciences power C explain the way in which science develops humanitiesD contemptB show the authors sympathy with scientistsD exemplify the division of science and the21. Which of the following is true according to the passage ? A Environmentalists were blamed for anti science in an essay.B Po

38、liticians are not subject to the labeling of anti -science.C The more enlightened tend to tag others as anti -science.D Tagging environmentalists as anti - science, is justifiable.22. The author attitude toward the issue of science vs. anti science is.A impartial B subjective C biased D puzzlingText

39、 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This developmentand its strong implications for US politics and economy in years aheadhas enthronedthe South as Americ

40、as most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million peoplenumerically the thirdlargest growthever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in Americ

41、an annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War IL and the pattern still prevails.Three sunbelt statesFlorida, Texas and Californiatogether had nearly 10 million more people in 1980than a decade earlier. Among large cit

42、ies, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10thwithCleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, tooand so did bigger crop

43、s of babies as yesterdays baby boom generation reached itschild bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon ： More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. So

44、me instancesRegionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate37.1 percent since 1970 in a vastarea with only 5 percent of the US population.Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all： 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in ra

45、te of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million peopleabout 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.br /