高考英语总复习-语法强攻：《定语从句》ppt课件.ppt

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1、限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句意义描述主句所涉及的人或物的具体情况,是主句不可或缺的一部分,若省去,主句意义不完整,甚至没有意义对主句所描述的人或物提供一些附加情况,起补充说明作用,若省去,主句意义仍完整结构要求紧跟先行词,主句和从句间不用逗号分开主句和从句间用逗号分开功能 修饰先行词既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个句子引导词关系代词:who，whom，whose，which，that关系副词：when，where，why关系代词:who，whom，whose，which，as关系副词：when，whereThisisthehouse(which)weboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月

2、买的那幢房子。Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。Theman(whom/that/who)Imetinthestreetwasadriver.我在街上碰到的那个人是个司机。Hismother,wholovedhimverymuch,diedin1998.他的母亲很爱他,但在1998年去世了。注意:专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义,通常只能由非限制性定语从句修饰。LuXun,whodiedin1936,wasafamouswriterinChina.鲁迅于1936年去世,是中国一位著名的作家。既可以作为限制性定语

3、从句又可作为非限制性定语从句,注意意义上的差别。Thereare20studentsinthisclasswhoarefromthenortheastofChina.在这个班里,有20名来自中国东北的学生。Thereare20studentsinthisclass,whoarefromthenortheastofChina.这个班有20名学生,他们来自中国的东北。(一)关系代词that关系副词代替功能在从句中的成分例句when(at/on/in/duringwhich)时间名词时间状语Shestillrememberthedaywhen(onwhich)shewontheprize.她仍然记得

4、她获奖的那一天。where(in/atwhich)地点名词地点状语Thisisthefactorywhere(atwhich)hisfatheronceworked.这就是他父亲曾经工作过的工厂。(二)关系副词why(forwhich)reason原因状语Hedidntknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hewasdismissed.他不知道他为什么被解雇了。注意:在口语和非正式场合,when,where 和why 或相当于关系副词的“介词which”结构可用that来代替并可省略。Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?你知道在哪儿我能喝杯酒

5、吗？why 或that 引导的定语从句,先行词是reason,且reason 又作主句主语时,表语从句不能用because 引导,而要用that 引导。其句型为：Thereasonwhy.isthat.或Thereasonthat.isthat.。Thereasonwhyhewaslateforschoolwasthathewasinjuredinthetrafficaccidentonhiswaytoschool.他上学迟到的原因是他在上学路上的交通事故中受伤了。Thereasonthatheexplainedatthemeetingwasthathehadtolookafterhismot

6、herinhospital.他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲。“地点模糊”的先行词后跟where 引导的定语从句。当先行词为point,situation,conditions,case,position,stage,scene,spot,activity,family,job 等表示某人/物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面时,用where 引导定语从句,where 相当于fromwhich,underwhich 等,表示“在这种情况下”,“从中”等。Werejusttryingtoreachapointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogether

7、andtalk.我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步。(三)关系代词与关系副词的选择依据1.考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的语法成分,如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,就用关系代词；如果关系词在从句中作状语,就用关系副词。ThehouseHaveyouaskedherforthereasonneedsrepairing.他住的房子需要修理。whereheliveswhich/thathelivesin你是否问过她缺席的原因？that/whichmyexplainherabsence?whyshewasabsent?2.辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。Idon

8、tlikethemanwhoalwaysspeaksillofothers.我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人。Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenweworkedtogether.我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。3.判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。Adictionaryisabookthatgivesthemeaningsofwords.词典是解释词语意思的书。Adictionaryisabook,whichgivesthemeaningsofwords.词典是一本书,它给出词语的意思。4.判 断 关 系 词 在 从 句 中 作 宾 语 还 是 作 状 语,取 决于定语从

9、句中的谓语动词。ThisisthepointwhereIdisagree.这 就 是 我 不 同 意 的 地 方。(disagree 为 不 及 物 动 词,故关系词用where。)Thisisthepoint(which/that)Idisagreewith.这 就 是 我 不 同 意 的 地 方。(从 句 缺 少 介 词with 的 宾语,用that/which 引导,也可以省略)1.只用that 不用which 引导定语从句的情况。(1)先行词前有序数词或形容词用最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时，用that 不用which。Thefirstplacethattheyvi

10、sitedinLondonwastheBigBen.ThisisthebestfilmthatIeverseen.(2)先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,something,anything,everything,none,nothing,some 等时,用that 不用which。HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMrLisaid?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。Allthatcanbedonehasbeen

11、done.所有能做的都做了。(3)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,oneof,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast,few,just 等修饰时,用that 不用which。Allthegueststhatwereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.这正是我要买的词典。Givemeanybooksthatyouwouldrecommend.给我你要推荐的书。(4)先行词

12、既有人又有物,兼顾两者,用that 不用which。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool.他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。(5)主句是以who 或which 开头的疑问句时,用that不用which。Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？WhichistheTshirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T 恤衫最合我的身？(6)当先行词在主句中作表语,而且关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时,用that 不用which。Shenzhenisnolonger

13、thecitythatitusedtobe.深圳不再是过去的样子了。(7)主句是therebe 句型时,修饰主语的定语从句用that 不用which。Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.在那个角落还有一个座位空着。(8)有两个定语从句时,一个从句的关系代词已用which,另一个要用that。Thecountrybuiltupafactorywhichproducesthingsthathaveneverbeenseenbefore.这个国家建立了一个生产以前从未见到过的东西的工厂。(9)用作关系副词,修饰表示时间的名词,如day,time,moment

14、 等代替when 时,用that 不用which。Ithappenedonthedaythat(when)hewasborn.这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。2.只用which 不用that 引导定语从句的情况(1)关系代词前有介词时,用which 不用that。Thechaironwhichshesatismadeofwood.她坐的那把椅子是用木头做的。(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,用which 不用that。Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.足球,一项非常有趣的运动,在全世界流行。(3)先行词后面有插入语

15、时,用which 不用that。HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIvetoldyou,willhelpyouimproveyourEnglish.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语水平。(4)先行词本身就是that 时,用which 不用that。Whatsthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？(5)代表主句中谓语的整体概念时,用which 不用that。Hecanswiminthesea,whichIcant.他能在大海里游泳,我不能(在大海里游泳)。(6)代表整个主句时,用whic

16、h 不用that。Hebrokemycup,whichmademeangry.他打破了我的杯子,这使我很生气。3.只用who 而不用that 引导定语从句的情况。(1)先行词是指人的不定代词,如:one,ones,anyone,noone,those,all,nobody,anybody,none 等时,用who 不用that。Peoplealllikethosewhohavegoodmanners.人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。(2)在therebe 句型中,多用who 指代人。TherearesomepeoplewhowanttohaveholidaysinHainan.有一些想去海南度假的人

17、。(3)当先行词指特定的人时,关系代词多用who,不指特定的人时,多用that。Theauntwhocametoseeuslastweekismyfathersyoungersister.上周来看我们的姑姑是我父亲的妹妹。(4)在非限制性定语从句中作主语时,用who 不用that。ProfessorWang,whoisoversixty,stillworksharddayandnight.王教授已年过六旬,依然夜以继日努力工作着。(5)当先行词有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时,用who 不用that。ProfessorSmithiscomingsoonwhowillgiveusatal

18、konhowtolearnEnglish.史密斯教授不久就要来给我们作一场关于如何学英语的讲座。4.ofwhom,ofwhich 与whose 的用法解析。(1)whose 的用法whose 引导定语从句,后应紧跟名词,构成名词短语。Theboy,whosefatherisanengineer,studiesveryhard.那位小男孩学习很努力,他的父亲是位工程师。whose 引导定语从句时,先行词既可指人,也可指物。Thebicycle,whosebrakewasdamaged,hasnowbeenrepaired.那辆自行车的闸坏了,现在已修好了。whose 在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词

19、一起可作介词宾语,可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间。在whose 引导的定语从句中,可用ofwhich 代替whose,但词序不同,即“whose 名词the 名词of which”；而用ofwhom 代替时只能指人,有时可以与whose 互换。Theboss,inwhosefactoryMarysfatheronceworked,iskindtoher.老板对玛丽很好,玛丽的父亲曾经在他的工厂工作过。Helivesintheroomwhosewindow(thewindowofwhich)facessouth.他住在窗户朝南的房间里。(2)下列情况只用ofwhich 或ofwhom,而不用

20、whose 引导定语从句。定语从句的主语是some,many,few,little,much,most 等词时,用ofwhich/whom,不用whose。Herearethequestions,someofwhichIthoughtdifficultforyou.就是这些问题,我认为其中一些对你来说有难度。PresentatthemeetingwerealmostexpertsonDNA,mostofwhomcamefromtheUSA.出席会议的大多是DNA 专家,其中大部分来自美国。定语从句的主语是all,both,neither,each,none等词时,用ofwhich/whom,不

21、用whose。Hehastwosons,bothofwhomaredoctors.他有两个儿子,都是医生。Iboughthimtwopiecesofclothing,neitherofwhichhelikes.我给他买了两件衣服,他一件也不喜欢。定语从句的主语是表示数量的词时,用ofwhich/whom,不用whose。Herearemanybooks,twoofwhichheborrowed.这儿有许多书,他借走了两本。5.as 与which 引导定语从句的区别as 与which 都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatu

22、ral.很自然地,他和她结婚了。as 的特殊用法：(1)as 引导的定语从句可以放在句首,而which 则不能。Asisknowntousall,Chinaisdevelopingrapidly.众所周知,中国发展迅速。(2)as 表示“正如,正像”,而which 无此意。此时,as 从句中常有know,expect,happen,pointout,plan,suggest 等单词或短语。Hecamebackhomelate,asweexpected.正如我们所料,他回家晚了。注意:as 引导的定语从句常见句式有：asisknowntoall(众所周知),asisoftenthecase(经常

23、是这个情形),asismentionedabove(如上所述),asisannounced(如宣布的那样)。(3)当先行词被thesame,such 修饰时,定语从句需用as 引导。Itissuchadifficultproblemasnoneofuscanworkout.这么难的一道题,我们没人做得出。HewearsthesamecoatasIdo.他穿着跟我一样的外套。注意:当先行词被thesame 修饰时,that 也可引导定语从句,但意义有所不同。thesame.as 指同样或同类的事物；thesame.that 指同一个事物。ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.这块表

24、与我丢的那块一样。(不是同一块表)ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.这就是我丢的那块表。(是同一块表)定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1.考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如:that,which 和where,when 的区分;that,which 和why 的区分等。2.考查whose 的使用。whose 可以指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语,后跟名词。指物时,whose 名词名词ofwhich ofwhich 名词。如：Theclassroomwhosedoor/

25、thedoorofwhich/ofwhichthedoorisbrokenisonthesecondfloor.3.考查as/which 引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which，as 引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what 引导的主语从句的区分。4.考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：I,whoamyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwheneveryouareintrouble.5.考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：

26、Theteacherinfrontofwhosehousestandsatalltreeisverypatientwithhisstudents.同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现时与并列句的区别。如：Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.(定语从句)Helovedhisparentsdeeplyandbothofthemareverykindtohim.(并列句)此外，“介词which 名词”结构，也是一个较为特殊的结构。如：Hewasveryill,inwhichcase(andinthiscase)wesenthimtoho

27、spitalfirst.6.考查一些特殊的先行词。如:当situation,point,case,activity,scene 及period,festival,occasion 等出现时,要注意具体情况具体分析;作主语、宾语和表语时,用关系代词that/which;作状语时,用关系副词where/when 或“介词which”,表示在某种特定的情形下。7.考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。如：Thenewsthathehadpassedtheexampleasedhimandhisfamily.(同位语从句)Thenews(that)hetoldmethismorningisnot

28、interesting.(定语从句)Itwas1914whenthewarbrokeout.(时间状语从句)Itwasin1914thatthewarbrokeout.(强调句)从A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1.Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivities_theycangainexperienceforgrowth.2.A.whoB.whenC.whichD.whereD2.Wellreachthesalestargetsinamonth_wesetatthebeginningoftheyear.A.w

29、hichB.whereC.whenD.what3.Theexactyear_AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.A.whenB.whereC.whyD.whichAA4.IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek,_myclassmatesrecommendedtome.A.whoB.whichC.whenD.where5.Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,_usesitdifferently.A.allofwhi

30、chB.eachofwhichC.allofthemD.eachofthemBB6.Amongthemanydangers_sailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.A.whichB.whatC.whereD.whenAI.用适当的关系词填空。1.Julianworkedinacompany,_isnamedafterhisgrandfather,whofoundedit.2.IpaidavisittoBrazillastyear,_turnedouttobeabeautifulmemory.3.Itsthethirdinasequence

31、ofthreebooks,thefirstof_Ireallyenjoyed.4.Noonewouldliketoaccepttheblameforsomething_wassomeoneelsesfault.whichwhichwhichthat5.WethenmovedtoParis,_welivedforsixyears.6.Theboy_Ispoketoamomentagoisthesonofmyemployer.7.Thesepeople,_identitieswillbekeptsecret,willbepaid$40aday.8.Mysisters,_photosIshowedy

32、ouyesterday,willcometoseeusthisevening.9.Arewelivinginanage_everyoneisencouragedtosharetheirideasonblogs?wherewho(m)whosewhosewhen10.Laurawasalwayshelpingherbrotherwithhisphysicsafterschool,_,ofcourse,madeherparentsveryhappy.11.Inolddays,someschoolswouldntadmittheboys_familieswerepoor.12.Thepriceofa

33、nyproductislinkedtoacomplicatedsystemofprices_everythingdependsoneverythingelse.whichwhosewhereII.用适当的“介词+关系词”填空。1.Itisntasubject_Idevoteagreatdealofthought.2.Thewoman_MiketoldmelastFridayprovedtobeacheat.3.Themanwrotealetterofthankstothecleaner,_helphecouldnthavefoundhislostmoney.4.Iveseenmanyfilms

34、,_Titanicisthemostwonderfulandshockingone.towhichaboutwhomwithoutwhoseofwhich5.Thisistheoriginalnovel_theworldfamousfilmisbased.6.Herelderdaughter,_sheplacedthegreatesttrust,failedtomatchherexpectations.7.RobertsetupaKTVbarintheFifthStreet,_heinvitedallhisfriends.8.TheBirdsNesthasahugestage_JackieCh

35、anandSongZuyinghaveevergiventheirconcerts.onwhichinwhomtowhichonwhichIII.根据括号内的汉语提示用定语从句补全下列句子。1.Anangrycrowdsurroundedthebuses,_(其中的大部分)werealreadyfull.2.Howdoyoulikethefilm Examination 1977,Mr.Li?Itbringsthehoursbacktome_(我被迫去养猪的时候)inafarawayvillage.mostofwhichwhenIwasforcedtoraisepigs3.Inmyhometo

36、wn,thereisamysteriouslake,_(湖的深度从来都没有被测量过).4.AtMr.Blacks,theychattedforanhourorso,_(这段时间内)notevenacoffeewasoffered.5.TheSmithswillmoveintotheirnewhousenextmonth,_(到那个时候)itwillbecompletelyfinished.whosedepthhasneverbeenmeasuredduringwhichtimebywhichtime6.Intheend,severalpeopleclimbedupthehill,_(在山顶上)theypicnicked.onwhosetop