英语二重点语法.pdf

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1、一.名词I.名词的种类:专词名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词贡名词不可数名词量的表示语：(1)不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。其公式为：数词+单位词+o f+不可数名词(2)各类表单位的形容词片语。(A)物质名词：a piece(suit)of armour a piece(slice)of cake a piece(an article)of furniture a piece ofjewehya piece(sheet)of paper a cake of soap a piece(slice)of bacon a piece(stick

2、)of dialka bit(blade)of grass apiece(strip)of land a bit(grain)of rice a bowl of soup(B)抽词 a word of abuse an item(a bit)of business an attack of fever a bit(an amount)of inteiest;a fit of passion a piece(woid)of advice a piece of evidence a piece(an item)of infbmiation a piece(an item)of news;(C)自然

3、现象：a flash of lightening;a bolt of thunder名词种类的表示语：kind of,sort of,type o f,三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a(an)常被省略。之前可加a the,some,any,etc.What kind of(a)pencil did you buy?I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.I like this kind of flower.I like floweis of this k in d.(置名词后更强调种类)n.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词

4、的复数形式，般在单数形式后面加6或6。班各构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般h专况在词尾蛇mapmaps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加aclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或米结尾的词变-f和戈为v再 力k slea口eaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,hall-halves加kschiefdiiefc,proof-proofs,roof-roofc4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加 sparty

5、parties,family-ihm ilics.stoiy-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，力 口-Stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Heniy-Heniys6以辅音字母加p 结尾的名词一般加心Negro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes秒夕睐词加-Spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zenzenos/zeroes,volcano-volc

6、anoes/volcanos7以元音字母加P结尾的名词加-Sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8特殊变化medium media,child children,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单 复 同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuanjin,3只有复数形式trouscis.cbthes,thanks,goods,glasses.4蝮 幅 词 总

7、期 作 期people,police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6乡式表示榔IJ含义customs(海关),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papeis(文件报纸),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加6Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss

8、,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man 或woman结尾的改为-menwomenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合 成 名词将 主 例 词 变 为 巡sons-in-law,kx)ken-c)n,passer-by,stoiy-tellers,boy friends无主脩词时将最后一部会为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatchesm.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：T名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词o f加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。l.s所有格的构成：将两

9、部分剧women singers,men servants2s所有格的用法:单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,复数名词the teacheis mom,the twins mother不规则复数名词后加Tsthe children toys,womens rights.以S结尾的人名所有格加飞或者Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths,house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均倾加SJapans and Americas problems,Janes and Marys b

10、汰es表示共有的所有关系时在最后词末加SJapan and Americas problems,Jane and Maiys father表示 某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略the doctors,the baibefs,the tailors,my uncles1表示时间lodays newspaper five weeks holiday2表示自然the earths atmosphere,the trees branches3表示国家城市方的名词the countrys plan,the worlds population,Chinas industiy4表示工俯佯体the ships c

11、rew,majoritys view,the teams victoiy5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey,five dollais worth of apples6与人类活 有特殊关系的名词the lifes time,the play,s pbt7触固定词组a birds eye view a stoned throw,at ones wits end（不知所措）3.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the leg3 of the chair,the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-

12、year students用于名词化的词：the stmggle of the oppressed二颗冠词分为不定冠词(a,a n),定冠词(th e),和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法:n.定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一雄及某人某物，m 的 指A boy is waiting fbr you.3表示肉1 湘当于eveiy,one,perWe study eight houis a day.4表示湘同 湘当于the sameWe arc nearly of an age.5用于人名前,表示不认识此人或

13、与某名人有类似性质的人或事A ME Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of a bit once upon a time,in a huny,have a walk5 many a time7用于 quite,rather,many,half what,such 之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to

14、 meet.9物质名词蝴象名词加a(an)即成普通名词This is a good cloth for summer.10“have(ortake)+a+抽象名词”,与抽象名词的动词形同义Let us take a swim.=Let us swim.1表 示 某 类A或物The horee is a useful animal.2用于此h独一无二的事物名词前the universe,the moon,the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或文提至尬的人或事WDuld you mind opening the doof?4用于乐器前面play the violin,play

15、the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表充-类人the reach,the living,the wounded6表示j 家人”或 夫妇the Greens,the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比K级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于专有名词前：国家党派、公 共 顺、机关、江河湖海、山the United States,the Communist Ruty of China,the Frenchm.零橱 的 用 法:川群岛、报刊、经典的名词前9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in Chin

16、a.10数/前，旭 己 的 好 年 代inthc1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the carby the hour12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.13用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前This is the book that I promised to lend you.1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing Univeisity,Jack,China love,air2名词前有 this,my,whose,some,no,each,every 等限制I want this

17、book,not that one./Whose puise is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,National Day,spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America5学科，语言，樱，棋类，颜色名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与 b y 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train,by air,by land7两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife,knife and fork,day by day,man to man8表示

18、泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.9表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语，或作同位语时不加冠词。He was elected president1（）School;chuirh;hospital等字，指原有的用途时不加冠词，若指建筑物本身或场所时，贝暖加冠词School begins at eight.（school 作抽象名词用）The school stands on the hill,（school 指建筑物）三.代词:I.代词可以分为以下七大类：1人 称主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they幡me,you,him,hen it,us,

19、you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,hen its.our,their名词性mine,youis,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,youiself,himself hereelf,itself,oureelves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever;whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/a

20、ny,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little.otheiV another,all/both,ne 汕 ed eitheri t 不定代词用法注意点：1.one,some 与 any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也 砒 i指，复数为ones。som e多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。any我任何或任何个时，也可用于肯定句。Come any day you like,som e和 any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magiz

21、ine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.Have you any bookmarks?No,I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?Couki you give me some money?3)some和 any后没有名词时，当做代 词，此外两者也可做副词。Someofthem are my students,词)Is your mother any bett

22、er?(副词)4)some和数词连用表示及约，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any belter today?2.each 和 eveiy:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而 eveiy强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each studrnt has a pocket dictionary./Each(of us)has a dictionaiy./蚀 each have a dictionaiy.Eveiy student has strong and w

23、eak points./Every one of us has strong and weak points.3.none 和 no：no等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，i髓单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle?None.None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.4.other 和 another1)other 泛指，另外的，别的 常与其他词连用，如：the ot

24、her day,eveiy other week,some other reason,no other way,the other特指两者中的另外一4复数为theotheis表示其余所有的人或物。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.lvo students in our class failed,but all the otheis passed the exam.2)another指 乂 个，另 个 无所指，复数形式是othem,消印别的人或事如：I dont like this shirt,please show

25、me another(one).The trousers are too long,please give me another pair/some others.Some like IbotbalL while othen)like basketball.5.all 和 both,neither 和 eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和 疝 加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.AU of the books are not written in English./Not all of the books arc written in Engl

26、ish.Both ofus are not teachers./Not both of us are teachers./Either of us is a teacha,.四.形 容 新 f f l 词1.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：2）多个形容词修饰同f名 词的顺序:1修饰some,any,eveiy,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent,everything possible2以-able,-ibie结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available,th

27、e only solution possible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep 等可以后置the only pew n awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters bng5成对的形容词可以后置为加强语气或音调美a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语般后置a man difficult to get on with3）复合形容词的构成:代词数词性状形容词冠同前的形容词砌指示代词不定限胴词所有格/襟词峨 词馋大小长短W新旧颜色国籍产地材料名词aUbothsuchtheathisanotheryour

28、secondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone2.形容词的用法：1)紧(代)名 词 的 词：upper;fbrmer;latter;outer;inner;utmost;mere;only;utter;main;certain;veiy;live;spate1形容词+名词skind-hearted7名诩现s比祠peace-loving2形容词+形容词dark-blue8名词+过去分词snow-covered3形容词+现在分词oitiinaiy-looking9数

29、词+名词后three-egged4副词+现在分词harcl-working10数词+名词twenty-year5副词+过去分词newly-built11数词+名词+形容词three-hundred-yearold6名词+形容词workl-fomous字尾为en或表匕檄的形容词，大多只能放在名词的前面a wxxxlen leg;earthen ware(2)形容词前有so;no;too;how等字时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。He could not do it in so short a time.He is no less remarkable a man than his elder br

30、other(is).2)作补语的形容词：b e+形容词+介系词：由此结合而成的片语，有些等于及物动词。be capable o be sneemed with;be(unfamiliar with(to):be late fon be subject to;be worthy of;etc.(2)某些己转化为形容词的过去分词，其后通常接at;about;with;in;of等介词。John is interested in English grammar.He was suiprised at her behaviour(3)be+形容词+介系词：可 接(代)名 词，动名词，或名词子句，但名词

31、子句若是(hat子句须省略介词，因that子句不可直接作介词的受词。She was not aware(of)how much her husband earned.She was not awaie that there is danger.(4)It+be+形容词+that 了句 此搂形容词有：certain;likely;obvious;plain;possible;tnic;(A)that 子句中的假设法。It is appropriate that he(should)get the p o s t.(should 可省略)(B)人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句。IYn not

32、sure why he came.3)有关 worth;worth while;worthy 的句型 如下：(A)主词(含i)+be worth+(动逐词(B)It(虚主词)+be worth while+不定词或动名词(C)主词+be worthy+of+(动)名词(D)主 词+be worthy+不定词This book is worth reading.=It is worth while to read this book=This book is worthy of reading.=This book is worthy to be read.4)many和much的用法：(1)m

33、any修饰复数可数名词，表许多；much修饰不可数名词，表 量 哪 度。He has many friends,but few tme ones.There hasnt been much good weather recently.many a要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。Many a prisoner has been set free.(=Many prisoneis have been set free.)(3)as many 和 so many 均等于 the same number of。小甫 as,like 时，只用 so many。They worked like so man

34、y ants.(4)as much等于the same amount o f表同量和同一事情。He bought two pounds of sugar and as much t e a.(同量)I was not in the least surprised,for I had ftilly expected as m u c h.(同一事情)(5)many和much之后不接名词时，作为代名词；另外much也可用副词。I dont eat much for lunch.“的词)He is much Udler than L(副词)5)(a)few和(a)little的用法：(a)few用在

35、复数可数名词之前，lii也 用在不可数名词之前。Few,little含否定的意味。6)其他的数量形容词：pE ly of,a lot of,lots of均表许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。(2)a great(or a good)deal of,a laie(or a small)quantity of,a laie(or a small)amount of,(量)，数名词。a number of”许多；一些“；a great(large,gxxl)number of“许多”，修饰复数hj数名词，并且要与复数动词连用。the number of+复数名诃 单 数动词7)hundreds

36、of,dozens of,thousands of scores of+S S可数名词曲司或数词(one,two.)+(hundred,dozen,thousand,score)+复数可数名词8)收 心104其余断，可接复数可数名词及不可数名词，作主词时，接可数名词则用复数动词，接不可数名词则用单数动词。The rest of the students are a b sen t.(复数可数名词)The rest of the water was thrown away.不可数名词)注：the rest作代词，等于由e o th e rs,和复数动词连用。n.副词副词十类:1时间即司soon,

37、now,early,finally,once,recently5频 蜩i司always,often,fiequently,seldom,never2地点副词here,neaiby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方 翊 恫hand,well,fost,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however meanwhile副词的位置:4程度副i司almost,nearly veiy,fairly,quite,rather8关系却Ji司when,where,why1副

38、词修饰形容词、副 词（片语或子句）时，通常放在前面。The mountain is very beautiful.2及物动词+受 词+副词She speaks English well.3表确定时间或场所的副词,通常放在句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。She was bom in Taipei in 1948.4置于句首修饰全句Fortunately he succeeded in the examination51唯 懒 词 单 位 较 小 者+单位较大部例He lives at Taichung,in Taiwan,Republic ofCliina.6地点钺态 欹 旃 时 间She ar

39、rived there safely the other day.7频率副词在r s m司前They alw型 s s 野 so在be动词后I am always busy在Itt动词和实义动词间This job will never be finished.8三种时间副词 期段+频率+时侯I was there for a day or so eveiy year duiing mychildhood9Seldom,rarely,never等f i.否定意义的频率副词置于句首,要将助动词或be动词主词之前。Seldom do we hear such fine singing from sc

40、hool choiis.10地方副词通常置于句尾，加强语气时可放在句首。He lives in a small village.They are not there.11两个地放副词并列时，地方确定的副词在后面，地方不确定的副词在前面。The children lunningaivund upstairs.几个悔殊副词的用法：enough放在所修饰的形容词和副词后面;too放在形容词和副词前面。Shes okl enou浊 to do some work.Shes too old to do any work.very,much(A)very修饰原级形容词，副词；much域vciy much潞

41、饰比较级，最高级的形容词及副词或动词。He spoke veiy carefully.This is much better.Ulis is much(by for)the best.It is much talked about these days.(3)already,yet,still(A)Already用于肯定句，作，已经“解：yet用于否定句，作 还 解，用于疑问句作，已经 解。Already用在疑问句或否定句时，表原讶。I already like him.He cant drive yet.Have you already seen him?(=That was quick)(

42、B)Still表动作或状态的持续，作“燃”解。Still放在动词前后，有时句意不同。He is still standing,(continue to stand)He is standing still.(=standing motionless)(4)only和also常随句中位置的购，句意和语气也会改变。Only John phoned Maiy today.John phoned only Maiy tod沔.John phoned Maiy only today(today only).(5)just,merely,purely,simply等字放在所修饰的词语之前；abne贝寸放在

43、其后。Y)u can get a B girie just(merely,purely,simply)for that answer.can getaB grade for that answer alone.副词应注意的事项：(1)有些字可当形容词乂可当副词，例如:early;past;half:long;straiit:fast;hand;quick;deep;sbw;pretty;awful;wrong:right;hi助:late:hourly;early;weekly;etc.We had an early breakfast.(形容词)Ne had breakfiist early

44、.(副司)(2)above;then;after;up;down;away;home 等地方或时间副词亦可作形容词。The above statement(=the statement which is above)(3)有蜒容词变为副词,可在字剧口卜,也可以不加不过&字义上不同。(A)easy4 安适地”;easily容易地；Stand easy!Hes not easily satisfied.(B)clear(=8mpiete|y完全地；clearly4显然地“)The bullet went clear through the door.The thieves got cleariy

45、away.(C)high高highfy”很；非常，The binds are flying high.He was highly praised for his work.(D)Stow 和 sbwly 当副词时同义，但 sbw 比 slowly 语 气 强.I told the driver to go stow(er).Drive slowly axind these bends in the road.(E)hanl“辛 苦 地haidly“几乎不He works haul.(=He is ahaid worker.)He haidly does anything nowad 缈 s.(

46、=He does veiy little nowadays.)(F)just”刚才；仅，;justly公正地Fve just seen him.He was justly punished.(G)late迟lately(=recently 也 He went to bed late.I haven51 seen Mr.Green lately.(H)pnetty(fau ly,modenitely)十分，颇prettily(in a pretty way,attractively)“漂亮地The situation seems pretty hopeless.She was prettily

47、dressed.(I)neaftci te,;nearly“几乎 The time ibr the examination is drawing near.I nearly missed my train.m.形容词和副词比较等级:嬲最高级good,wellbelterbestbad,badly,illworseworstmany,much（作形容词是大量的；作副词是非常地）moremostlittle adj 小的adv-smallersmallestlessleastfarfarth冢 蛔,栅离),fiirtheK殛 步,)farthest,furthestold令旧）,ekleif表 幽

48、 厕 予）oklest,eldestlatelater（趟 间）latest（最近的）latteR表1 1 网的last（最后的）up tupperupmost,uppemiost形容词和副词的E傲等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成ft 是在形容词和副词后加6 和3,多音节”些双音节词前 加 m oie和 most。含仃否定词的比较级区别同级比较as.as.WcU give you as much help as we can.not so(as).as.I am not so good a player as you are.a s+形容词+（aF名词+asHe wants

49、to be as great a scientist as Newton.不同级比较1)可以修饰比较级的词：much,many,a lot,even,for,a bit,a little,still,yet,by for;any,a great deal,somewhat2)句义相当或同类的东西,才级比较 Most of the hi助ways inAmerica are wider than those inEurope.3)使用比较级吐必须把本身除外，常 于 other或 else连 用 Thisbook is more interesting than anyother book(tha

50、n any book e lse).ttR+thanHe is more carcfiil than her.more than的用法=ove广过多;以上”（2）修饰名词、，给词、副词、动词或子句，表 远超过；何止”It takes more than an hour.It is more than I can undeistand.(=It is beyondmy undcistanding.).the+of the twoJim is the more stupid of the two boys.词比较级He is better now接 if子句的比较级.bu will underst