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1、Parody in Chinese Government Work ReportsSubmitted in Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsBy Under the Direction ofProfessor English DepartmentCollege of Foreign LanguagesHuaqiao University2016AcknowledgmentsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who h

2、ave helped me during the writing of this thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to XXX, my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and great guidance. Without his illuminating instructions and enlightenment, this thesis could never have reached its present form.Second, I would like t

3、o extend my gratitude to XXXX for her informative and helpful comments on my thesis. Third, I am deeply indebted to all the professors and teachers at English Department, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.Thanks are

4、also due to my roommates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions.Finally I must thank my family for their unconditional continuous support all the way from the very beginning of my study.Abstract: Based on a quantitative and qualitative study on 46 parodies collected from 39

5、 Chinese Government Work Reports (GWR) from 1978 to 2016, the present study attempts to give an account of parody use in political writings such as GWR, using Pragmatic Markedness Value (PMV) and the Convergence-EconomyCONTENT, Variation-Effectiveness and Relevance (CEVER) model for parody proposed

6、by Hou (2015) as the research tool. The findings are as follows: FINDINGS(1) Parodies in GWR are seen more and more often over 39 years. (2) Parody in GWR has achieved higher and higher PMV since the reform and opening-up, which means parodies in GWR are more and more well-formed. (3) Of four types

7、of parody (word parody, phrase parody, sentence parody, paragraph parody), word parody is used much more often than other three in GWR. (4) Once used for the first time, the parodier in GWR tends to be mimetically used, more and more unmarked. (5) The reason to explain the increasing use of parody i

8、n 39 GWR is that the speakers/writers are trying to gain marked effects and communicative value by using parodies more frequently.Keywords: rhetoric; parody; political writings; Government Work Reports; pragmatic markedness value摘要：本文从1978年至2016年共39篇国务院政府工作报告中共搜集到46处仿拟, 基于对这些仿拟的定量与定性分析, 该研究试图以语用标记值作

9、为量化工具，借用侯国金 (2015) 提出的同省异效关模型作为研究工具，对国务院政府工作报告这种政论文体中的仿拟进行解释与评估，得到如下发现：(1) 39年来仿拟在国务院政府工作报告中出现的次数呈上升趋势；(2) 改革开放至今，政府工作报告中仿拟的语用标记值呈上升趋势，亦即其仿拟的良构性在逐渐增强；(3) 在四种仿拟类别 (仿词、仿语、仿句、仿篇) 中，仿词在国务院政府工作报告中比其它三种类别出现地更多；(4) 仿体在政府工作报告出现过一次以后越来越趋向于被重复使用，也越来越具有无标记性；(5) 仿拟在政府工作报告中被使用得越来越频繁，这是因为言者 (作者) 想要获取“标记效果”以及“交际价值

10、”。关键词：修辞；仿拟；政论文体；国务院政府工作报告；语用标记值Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsAbstract1. Introduction11.1 Research Background11.2 Significance of the Thesis11.2.1 Motivation of This Research11.2.2 Research Questions21.3 Research Methodology and Data Collection21.3.1 Research Methodology21.3.2 Data Collection21.4

11、Organization of the Thesis32. Literature Review42.1 Relevant Studies on Parody42.1.1 Relevant Studies on Parody at Home42.1.2 Relevant Studies on Parody Abroad42.3 Relevant Studies on GWR52.4 Definitions of Parody53. Related Theoretical Frameworks73.1 Markedness Theory73.2 Pragmatic Markedness Theor

12、y73.3 Pragmatic Markedness Value (PMV) and Parody73.4 CEVER Model for Parody84. Analysis and Discussion104.1 GWR104.1.1 Definition of GWR104.1.2 Why Parody in GWR104.1.3 Divisions of GWR104.2 Quantitative Study of Parody in GWR114.2.1 Parody in GWR (Initial Stage: 1978-1990)114.2.2 Parody in GWR (De

13、epening Stage: 1991-2003)154.2.3 Parody in GWR (Maturity Stage: 2004-2016)164.2.4 Trend of Parody Use in GWR (1978-2016)184.3 Qualitative Study of Parody in GWR184.3.1 Classification of Parody in GWR184.3.2 Repetitions of Parody in GWR194.4 Causative Discussions204.4.1 Causative Study of the Appeara

14、nce of Parody in GWR204.4.2 Causative Study of Parody Trend in GWR215. Conclusion22References24Appendix261. Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundParody, as a figure of speech, has long existed in human history, viewed by Rossen-Knill et al. (1997) as a human behavior. Parody has been increasingly used

15、 and noticed these days, which has been studied by experts and scholars from diverse perspectives, such as translationology, rhetoric, and pragmatics. These previous studies do provide myriad research dimensions to view this figure of speech, but most of them, especially those in recent years, focus

16、ed on the parody in advertising. Rare researches are conducted to analyze parody in political writings, which is a serious writing style. Although being serious overall as political writings, the interesting point is that there appears parody, which seems counter to the characteristics of political

17、writings since parody creates a humorous or ridiculous rhetorical effect (Xu, 2003: 252). However, this phenomenon seems only to have occurred in recent years. It is not clear when parody came into its own in Chinese political writings. Therefore, in the hope to discover the changing trend and possi

18、ble reasons of the use of parody in Chinese political writings, this thesis aims to analyze parody in Chinese Government Work Reports (hereafter as GWR) from 1978 to 2016, 39 reports in total, in light of Pragmatic Markedness Value (hereafter as PMV) and the Convergence-Economy, Variation-Effectiven

19、ess and Relevance (hereafter as CEVER) model for parody proposed by Hou (2015) as the research tool. 1.2 Significance of the Thesis1.2.1 Motivation of This ResearchThis study is significant驱使我们做什么事 in the following aspects:Firstly, studies on parody have been blooming and mostly focus on advertising

20、, news headlines from perspectives of translationology, pragmatics and psycho-linguistics, social linguistics, cultural studies and the Internet linguistics. A panoramic view of these studies reveals a loophole in the area of political writings. Therefore, it is the ambition of this thesis to make u

21、p for the deficiency, which, hopefully, can be a point of originality and innovation.Secondly, GWR is a special style of political writing which is written by Premier of the State Council in China. It represents the serious tone of government papers. Through analyzing the rhetorical devices in GWR f

22、or the last thirty years may help readers better understand the dramatic changes in Chinese politics and history since the reform and opening-up, from the viewpoint of pragma-rhetoric.Thirdly, the reason that this research chooses GWR from 1978 to 2016 as the subjects is that 1978 is the year when t

23、he reform and opening-up policy came into being and since then China has gone through significant changes in every way. Therefore, it is worth studying how language use, especially how parody use changes over the 39 years.1.2.2 Research QuestionsAfter defending the necessity of the research, we have

24、 to take into consideration the feasibility of it, and the following research questions are to be addressed throughout this thesis:1) What is the trend of the use of parody in GWR from 1978 to 2016? And what is the trend of PMV of parody over these years?2) What may cause the trend?1.3 Research Meth

25、odology and Data Collection1.3.1 Research MethodologyAs the present research aims to analyze the changes of the use of parody in GWR from 1978 to 2016, both quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted to furnish an overview of the trend of use of parody in 39 years as well as the reasons of

26、 it. All the data was collected by close scrutiny of the full texts of 39 reports and was analyzed by means of PMV. To conclude, this research is data-based, and it will yield both quantitative and qualitative results.This research adopts the research model - CEVER model for parody formulated by Hou

27、 (2015).1.3.2 Data CollectionCollecting and classifying data was not an unproblematic task, especially the data-collecting part. In order to maintain consistency, data were collected by the same researcher. It is purely by manual inspection of the texts, which would possibly miss some data in the pr

28、ocess. However, it is the only way to collect data for the author right now. Therefore, the author checked twice to make sure all data are collected while no absolute accuracy can be guaranteed here due to limited time and tool. All the data samples, namely the parody found in GWR from 1978 to 2016

29、(39 reports in total) were collected from the official website All the data in this research is collected from The URL of the website page is of the Peoples Republic of China. In addition, all research data are listed in appendix.1.4 Organization of the ThesisThis thesis consists of five sections. T

30、he first section offers a brief introduction to the research background and presents an outline of the research. The second section is an account of previous scholarship on relevant topics and issues. The next section deals with the theoretical frameworks of the research, namely PMV and CEVER model.

31、 The fourth section focuses on a detailed analysis of GWR from 1978 to 2016 by means of PMV under CEVER model for parody, while the final section draws a conclusion for the study.2. Literature Review2.1 Relevant Studies on Parody For years linguistic scholars and researchers have focused their atten

32、tion on parody from various perspectives by different approaches both at home and abroad.2.1.1 Relevant Studies on Parody at HomeIn China, it is first recognized and named as parody, namely fangni in Chinese, by Chen (2008: 89). Xu Guozhen wrote the first book on parody in 2003, which represents a r

33、elatively complete and detailed study on parody. As parody being used more and more often in daily life, the amount of studies on it also rises as well as the width and depth of the studies. Most of the studies on parody are conducted from the perspective of conventional rhetoric, such as Xu (2003),

34、 functional linguistics, cognitive linguistics. Wu and Hou (2015) study parody in advertising from the perspective of pragma-rhetoric. Their study is a discussion of the pragmatic conditions of well-formed parody in advertising, which provides a new angle to the studies of parody. Hou (2015) adopts

35、Jiang Qingshengs five pragmatic conditions while formulating a Model of Convergence-Economy, Variation-Effectiveness and Relevance (CEVER). It holds that the pragmatic markedness value (PMV) lies in the harmonious tension between convergence-economy and variation-effectiveness. It discusses parody f

36、rom the perspective of pragma-rhetoric.2.1.2 Relevant Studies on Parody AbroadStudies on parody in recent years were not so popular abroad as in China. Most of them were conducted in the 20th century and few are found in the recent ten years. However, parody had its heyday abroad in the 20th century

37、, as Rossen-Knill et al. (1997) observed, Parody has so pervaded Western Society that it has become the concern of twentieth-century literary theorists. And, by further extension, the studies on parody abroad started earlier than at home, which might explain why studies on parody abroad are not so c

38、ommon now as before. Robert (2008) conducted a research on political parody; he maintained that Parody and relatedformsofpoliticalhumorareessentialresourcesforsustaining democraticpublicculture. Robert (2008) also pointed out, Parodyculminatesinmodernlaughter,whichistheshockofdelighteddislocation wh

39、enmediationisrevealed.Thatlaughterprovidesarhetoricaleducationforengaged spectatorship. It clearly explained the necessity of political parody viewing from the perspective of public culture.2.3 Relevant Studies on GWRStudies on GWR in its language are mostly written from the perspective of its trans

40、lation from Chinese to English. Xu (2012) discusses the vocabulary changes in official documents by analyzing GWR from 1978 to 2010. It holds that analyzing GWR is helpful to better understand the future policy trend of the country as well as to get the insight into the changing characteristics of t

41、he epoch.2.4 Definitions of ParodyAccording to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, parody is a literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule. Websters New World Dictionary defines it as literary or musical c

42、omposition imitating the characteristic style of some other work or of a writer or composer, but treating a serious subject in a nonsensical manner, as in ridicule. Both definitions emphasize using parody in writing or creating artistic works for comic or humorous effects. Besides in literary world,

43、 parody is also used in daily life, such as in speeches, advertisements, stories and even short messages. In many cases, it is an imitation of a familiar saying, a proverb or an established expression. For example, “One mans disaster is another mans delight” is a parody of the well-known proverb, “O

44、ne mans meat is another mans poison”(Quoted in Zhang, 2015).Rossen-Knill et al. (1997) believes that parody is used in order to entertain and to offer critical commentary.Chen (2008) defined parody as to deliberately imitate an established form in order to ridicule and mock. After that, more and mor

45、e specific and new definitions were proposed by Chinese scholars.In order to maintain consistency, this research adopts the definition summarized by Xu (2003: 6), parody is a figure of speech which is a temporarily created new expression which imitates some existed language form. It highly summarize

46、s the essential conditions that an expression needs to be defined as parody. All the data samples in the thesis were collected in accordance with this definition.3. Related Theoretical Frameworks3.1 Markedness TheoryMarkedness Theory is an important theory in StructuralLinguistics. It is founded by

47、N. S. Trubetzkoy and Roman Jakobson, phonologists of the Prague School in the 1930s, which is among the most valuable contributions made by the Prague School. According to the definition of Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics (Richards et al., 2000: 276), Markedness Theory

48、is a theory that in the languages of the world certain linguistic elements are more basic, natural, and frequent (unmarked) than others which are referred to as “marked”. Markedness has been discussed from various aspects, such as phonology, morphology, syntax. 3.2 Pragmatic Markedness TheoryIt is Hou (2004b) that first attempts to put the concept of markedness into the perspective of pragmatics and uses Pragmatic Markednes