Talk--The-Nature-of-Emotions-II-Psychology-of-Emot.ppt

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1、Talk 2The Nature of Emotions-II2008-ISeminar of emotions12008-ISeminar of emotions2生物社会研究观点(bio-social approach)特点：注重情绪的生理/表情行为反应成分，生理过程是情绪过程中必须的和充分的过程；注重遗传和生物基础对情绪各方面特点的作用；社会/认知/学习/自我/角色/文化等因素的作用是与生物因素相互作用地影响情绪过程；主要研究：具体情绪（discrete emotion)；情绪的生物基础；情绪与高级认知的相互作用；情绪与人格特质的关系；情绪发展与人格发展；情绪发展与心理病理发展；2008

2、-ISeminar of emotions3认知建构研究(Cognitive/Social/Constructive approach)认知建构理论的特点：强调认知建构对情绪的作用，甚至将认知作为情绪的一个成分；认知评价是必须和充分的条件;不太注重情绪的遗传/生物基础；生理反应是伴随的状态，对生理反应的知觉可以增强情绪；比较现象学研究取向；主要领域（课题）：cognitive effects on emotions.Theories of Cognitive Appraisal;Self and Emotions;Attribution and emotion;Memory and emoti

3、on;Goals processes and emotion;The experience of emotion Lisa Feldman Barrett,Batja Mesquita,Kevin N.Ochsner,and James GrossAnnual Review of Psychology,2007,58:373-4032008-ISeminar of emotions4Phenomenological contents of emotion experiencePhenomenological contents of emotionConscious Mental represe

4、ntationVerbal behaviors Self reportCore affect:Pleasure or displeasureHelpful or harmfulRewarding or threateningAcceptance or rejection 2008-ISeminar of emotions6Pleasure or displeasureUniversal to all human;Present from birthSelf report evidencesNeuropsychological barometer of individuals relations

5、hip with ones environment;Core conscious2008-ISeminar of emotions7From core affect to complex mental representation of emotionArousal contentRelational contentDominance or submissionSituational contentNovel or unexpectedConductive or obstructive to some goalCompatible(or not)with social norms and va

6、lues.Beyond appraisal dimensions.2008-ISeminar of emotions8Main points Ventral system of frontal brain(e.g.OFC,VMPFC,ACC,Amygdala,anterior insula,et.al.)is related to core affective feeling;No special areas in brain was found to related to specific emotions accordingly.Dorsal mediate prefrontal area

7、s may be related to mental presentation of emotion and also involved with emotion regulation;2008-ISeminar of emotions10The neurobiology of emotional contents beyond core affectMental representation of emotions=core affect feelings are bound to attribution about the cause of ones core affective stat

8、es;Neuronal reference space of specific emotions=core affective feeling+attribution about the situation.2008-ISeminar of emotions11Basic emotions,natural kinds,Emotion schemas,and a new paradigmCarrroll E.Izard(2007)Perspectives on Psychological Science.2008-ISeminar of emotions13Emotion schemasRefe

9、r to the processes involved in the dynamic interplay of emotion,appraisal,and higher order cognition;Emotion schemas emphasizes a cognitive content that doesnt characterize a basic emotion or basic emotion episode(Ekman,2003).2008-ISeminar of emotions15Emotion schemas in DETDynamic interaction of em

10、otion and cognition;Affective cognitive structures(Izard,1977)Emotional interpretation(Lewis,2000)Ideo_affective organization(Tomkins,1962)Appraisal emotion;Feeling cognition phenomenon2008-ISeminar of emotions162008-ISeminar of emotions18What is Feeling?(Antonio R.Damasio，2000)Feeling should be res

11、erved for private,mental experience of an emotion;feeling and knowing what you feel are separable processes;Feelings and emotions are part of a continuous processes;2008-ISeminar of emotions19what is emotions?（Antonio R.Damasio，2000):Emotions are specific and consistent collections of physiological

12、responses triggered by certain brain systems when organism represents certain objects or situation.当机体表征某些客体和情景时，由某些脑系统激发的特异和一致的所有生理反应；Namely,all physiological responses whose perception we call feeling;能引起情感的所有生理反应。Relatively public to others,2007-ISeminar in Emotional research20Perception Attentio

13、nWorking MemoryThinking&languagePhysiological processesfeelingEmotions:Emotional physiological responses2008-ISeminar of emotions21Categories of emotionsBackground emotion:mood;Primary emotions:happy,anger,fear,sad,disgust,.basic emotions;Secondary emotions（social emotions):shame,guilt,embarrassment

14、,shy,jealousy,pride不同的情绪有不同的诱发类型，也有不同的生理基础，可达到的意识水平也不同；2008-ISeminar of emotions22Substrate of emotionsImplicit processes in brainbrain:brainstem,hypothalamus,basal forebrain,amygdala,ventromedial prefrontal cortex,and cingulate cortex.Explicit responses that modify other neural regions and also mod

15、ify the body properbody proper(ANS and endocrine system):2008-ISeminar of emotions24Feeling of an emotion required two fold process of mental imaging:Imaging the kind of alterations that occur in the body proper;Imaging the parallel and related alterations that occur in the mode of neural processing

16、 as expressed in certain characteristic of mental processing(e.g.,speed of image generation,focus of attention).2008-ISeminar of emotions25Neural substrates of feeling Structure represent varied aspects of the body properNuclei of the brain stem,hypothalamus,thalamus,cingulate cortex,and somatosenso

17、ry cortices of the insula and postrolandic region(SII,SI);The second structure,just located in prefrontal cortex,monitor the ongoing mode of cognitive processing;Neurotransmitter changes of monoamine and acetylcholine nuclei of brainstem and basal forebrain,but target the neural circuits of telencep

18、halon.2008-ISeminar of emotions26Critical sequence in feelingInduction of emotion;Ensuing organism changes in body and brain;Neural patterns representing the organism changes;Sensing of the neural pattern in the form of images(feeling)Feeling of feeling(part of the consciousness process).-feeling is

19、 a reflection of body-state changes;2008-ISeminar of emotions28How do you feel?(John R.Morris.Trends in Cognitive Science,2002).Jamess Peripheral approach;Cannon&Bard s Centralist cognitive approach;2008-ISeminar of emotions29Schacter&Singers cognitive,social and physiological approach;Modified Jame

20、sian model:conscious emotional feelings are dependent on a peripheral-central interaction.Where to integrate the interaction into feelings of emotion?Insula?Amygdala?2008-ISeminar of emotions312008-ISeminar of emotions32Evidences from Hugo D Critchley,et.Al.Subjects:8 PAF(pure automatic failure)pati

21、ents-no automatic response to emotional stimuli;9 healthy controls.Backward masking paradigm;2008-ISeminar of emotions33Design:arousal(2)x awareness(2)x conditioning(2)awareness levels:MaskingUnmaskingDependent variableSubjective judgment:liking/disliking;Neuro-imaging data(amygdala,insula,OFC,et.al

22、.);2008-ISeminar of emotions34Increased responses in right amygdala to both masking and unmasking CS+faces;Amygdala response were not modulated by conscious awareness of the stimuli;A region of insula cortex showed increased CS+responses only during unmasking(conscious)presentation;Insula responses

23、were modulated by conscious awareness of the stimuli;2008-ISeminar of emotions35Comparison of PAF patients and controls showed no difference in neural response to masked CS+faces;Physiological feedback cant contribute to conscious emotional feeling;But PAF patients showed decreased responses to unmasked CS+faces in left orbitofrontal cortex,amygdala bilaterally and right insula;2008-ISeminar of emotions36analysisRole of amygdala:to translate sensory processing into automatic emotional responses(S-R)Role of insula:transfer of automatic response to subjective emotional feeling;