有机化学Chapter-1-Structure-of-Organic-Compounds课件.ppt

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1、OrganicChemistryABriefIntroductionReferencesOrganicChemistry,FrancisA.Carey,edition:4th,Pub.Date:2000,Publisher(s):McGraw-HillReferences有机化学郭书好主编，广州：广东科技出版社,2004有机化学网络课程郭书好主编，高等教育出版社，2003,http:/202.116.0.143/yjhx/index.htm有机化学（第二版）胡宏纹主编高等教育出版社1990Chapter1StructureofOrganicCompounds1.1Inorganicandorg

2、anicCompoundsOrganic compoundsMainatoms:carbonandhydrogenLimitednumberofotherelements:H,O,N-hydrogen,oxygen,andnitrogen.1.2AtomicStructureAtomic orbitalsDesignatedbytheletterss,p,d,fDifferinenergy,shape,andorientationConsidertheonlys,porbitalsNucleusisthecenterofs,porbitals1.2AtomicStructureValence

3、shell electronsThevalenceshell:outermostshell,higherelectronslocation.ParticipateinchemicalreactionValenceelectrons:H-1e,C-4e,N-5e,O-6eFormbonds:H-1,C-4,N-3,O-21.3TypesofBondsLewis octet ruleSeondperiodatoms:suchasC,O,NFormbondsbytransferringorsharingelectronsEachatomsurroundedbyeightelectrons(ns2+n

4、px2+npy2+npz2).Highestenergyshell:suchasC,2sand2p1.3TypesofBondsLewisstructure:valenceelectrons,dotrepresentaelectronChlorideismuchmoreelectronegativityCovalent bondsTwoatomsMutalshareingpairsofelectronsFormingcondition1.3TypesofBondsElectronspairNotsharewithotheratomLewisstructureCovalentbond:adash

5、lineNonbondingelectrons:pairsofdotslocatedabouttheatomicsymbols1.3TypesofBondsPolar covalent bondsDifferenceelectronegativitiesForHCl,atomCl:Higherelectronegativity,partialnegativecharge(showwith-)ForHCl,atomH:Lowerelectronegativity,partialpositivecharge(showwith+)Electronegativity:thepowerofelectro

6、nsattraction1.4OrbitalsandMolecularShapesMixingoftwoormoreorbitalsinthebondedatomsForcarbon:2smixwith2pHybridizedorbital:sameenergy,sameshape,containoneelectronDifferonlyinthepositioninspaceMaximumseparationofelectroninthespaceFormbondwithHorCandotheratomssp3Hybridizationofcarbon1.4OrbitalsandMolecu

7、larShapesOnes+threeporbitals=foursp3orbitalsExtendtothecornersofatetrahydronFormfourbonds1.4OrbitalsandMolecularShapes1.4OrbitalsandMolecularShapessp2HybridizationofcarbonA2s+two2porbitals=threesp2orbitalsExtendtothecorneroftriangleThreehybridizedorbitalsform3bondsInethylene,twowithH,onewithCLeftpor

8、bitalformbondwithCEachporbitalisperpendiculartotheplanecontainingthesp2orbitalsThedoublebondcontainoneandbonds1.4OrbitalsandMolecularShapes1.4OrbitalsandMolecularShapes1.4OrbitalsandMolecularShapes1.5StructuralFormulasMolecularformula-atomiccompositionbutaneC4H10Structuralformula-arrangementofatomsa

9、ndbondsbutaneCH3CH2CH2CH3Condensedstructuralformula-specificbondsButaneCH3CH2CH2CH3orCH3(CH2)2CH3CH2unit:methlenegroup1.5StructuralFormulasThree-dimensionalstructuresandmodelsPerspectivestructureBall-and-stickmodelSpace-fillingmodel1.6IsomersSamemolecularformula,differentstructuresSkeletalisomers:differentcarbonskeletonFunctionalisomers:differentfunctinalgroup1.6IsomersPositionisomers:samefunctionalgroups,differentpositiononthecarbonskeleton