英语语言学Syntax.ppt

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1、Syntax组员：陈雪芹、齐丽丽、高伟、陈静、黄雪、段彬彬、丁静句法学简介句法学简介1.Definition:Syntaxisthestudyofrules(governingthestructureofphraseandthestructureofsentence)ortheinterrelationshipsofelementsinsentencestructure.Allinall,itfocusonthestructureandorderingofcomponentswithinasentence.2.Syntax-fromwordtotext(howtoorganizewordsin

2、tophrase,furtherintosentences.Itisconcernedwiththecombinationofwords).Purpose:studytherulesandrevealstherelationshipoftheformandthefunction/meaningoflanguage.Basic Concepts3.The Prescriptive Approach-the traditionalgrammar,lay down rules for the correct orproperuseofEnglish,mainlyaccordingtothegramm

3、arofLatin.Thewordorderdependsonsomefactors:Grammatical category/part of speech/wordclass,number,gender,case,tense,aspect,concord,government4.Thedescriptiveapproach-todescribetheregularstructuresofthelanguageasititusedobjectively,notaccordingtosomeviewofhowitshouldbeused.Position:Itisthebasisofmostmo

4、dernattempttocharacterizedthestructureofdifferentlanguage.Classification:StructureanalysisImmediateconstituentanalysis(1)Structuralanalysis-studythedistributionoflinguisticformsinalanguage.Syntagmaticrelation:isarelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweentheelementswhichareallpresent(horizo

5、nalrelation).Paradigmaticrelation:isarelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinaatructureorbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent(verdicalrelation,substitutionrelation)(2)immediate constituents（ICs）直接成分:constituents directly below the level of a constructionultima

6、te constituents(UCs)最终成分:last level of constituentsAdvantages of IC analysis1.It helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.e.g.The son of Pharaohs daughter is the daughter of Pharaohs son.2.It clearly demonstrates that sentences are not mere left-to-right linear sequences of elemen

7、ts.Instead,elements come into relationships of great complexity and varying kinds.(胡壮麟，P125-126)The son of Pharaohs daughter is the daughter of Pharaohs son=（1）The daughter of Pharaohs son 法老儿子的女儿=（2）The daughter of Pharaohs son 法老女儿的儿子 Disadvantages of IC Analysis1.It results in technical problems

8、due to discontinuous constituents.E.g.Leave+the book+on the shelf.2.It results in ambiguity problems.E.g.the love of God,the shooting of the huntersBasic components of a sentenceSentenceSubjectPredicateareferringexpressioncomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandsayssomethingaboutthesubject5.constituents

9、tructuregrammarTheideaofconstituency,whichrevealsahierachyofstructurallevels,isreferredtoasaconstituentstructuregrammar.Lexicalcategories词汇范畴 The name given to classes into which lexical items are grouped.-There are traditionally 8 classes:Noun,Pronoun,Verb,Adjective,adverb,preposition,conjunction-M

10、odern linguistic theories have more,-They are also known as parts of speech and word classesClassificationofLexicalItemsHow are words classified into classes?-Phonological criteria“To inCREASE the number of students,we need an Increase in funding.”-Semantic criteria,structural ambiguity“Flying plane

11、s can be dangerous”if you live under the flight path.if you havent got a pilots license.Common monadic categories are:1.SSentence-Thelargestcategorycapableofsyntacticcategorization-I saw the big aeroplane.-How large is the plane?-Rob was flown by the aeroplane which Jane saw.2.Phrase Structure N V A

12、 P word level NP VP AP PP phrase levelNPNoun Phrase -Defined as a category that can bear some grammatical function in a sentence,e.g.as subject or direct object.Types of NPNP NP NP NP N Pron.Det N Det Adj NJohn he,we,she a,the,apple the red apple this,that NP NPDet N PP NP Subject a story about the

13、hero the person who talked to meVPVerb Phrase -A category consisting of a verb,its complements(补语）and its adjuncts(附加语).-John put the book on the table.(the book and on the table are complements of put)-The girl saw the woman in the park with the telescope (in the park and with the telescope are the

14、 adjuncts of saw)Types of VP VP VP VP V NP V PP V Shit the ball speak about the book said that he had told lies VP VPV Adv V run fast Look!PPPrepositional Phrase -A phrase containing a preposition and a noun phrase.-on the table.-in the park -with the telescopeIt is possible to have a PP within a PP

15、:-in the park with the telescope PP AP P NP Deg Adj about the book very littleSNPVPV-BarspecifierheadComplementSusanrarelydoessoe.g.6.Transformational Generative GrammarTG A description of the possible rules of human language that allow for infinite production of grammatical sentences.tries to defin

16、e a universal grammar(UG)Threelevelsoftransformationalrules:ThebasicruleisChomskysuniversalgrammar,theunderlyingprincipleThesecondtypeistheobligatoryrulesthatgovernthetransformationsofauxiliariesandprinciplesThethirdtypeistheoptionaltransformationalrulesthatgovernthetransformatonsofnegotion,passivev

17、oice,interrogationDeep structure and surface structureDeep Structure -the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction.BasecomponentDEEP STRUCTURETransformations(Subcategorizationrestrictschoiceofcomplements)SURFACE STRUCTURE(Note:Whentransformationsarenotnecessary,therepres

18、entationsofthesetwolevelsarethesame)is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of construction people actually produce and receive.SNPVPDetNVthetrainInflwillarriveSurface Structuresee,Mary,JohnJohn saw Mary.S NP Infl VP N

19、 pst V N John see MaryFurther illustration:Deep structure S NP Infl VP N pst V PP P NMary was seen by JohnCaseGrammarFilemoresuggestedthatthemainverbsinasentencearethemostimportantpartofthesentencesandhaveanumberofrelationshipwithvariousnounphrases.Theserelationshipsarecalledcases.Cases,alsocalledth

20、ematicrolesortheparticipantroleoftheverb,whichalsoinclude:1.Agent-theintiatorofsomeaction,capableofactingwithvolition,whichisconsideredaslogicalsubjectandcommonlyoccursinsubjectposition2.patient-theertityundergoingtheeffectofsomeaction,oftenundergoingsomechangeinstate,whichisconsideredasthelogicalob

21、jectandcommonlyoccurindirectobjectdirection3.theme-theertitythatismovedbyanaction,orwholelocationisdescribed4.instrument-themeansbywhichanactionisperformedorrsomethingcomesabout7.systemicfunctionalgrammarTherelatedthreesystems:transitivitysystem,thematicsystem,moodsystem.Theyreinfluencedbythethreefu

22、nctionsrespectively.Threemetafunctions:(i)Ideationalfunction:thefieldofdiscourseConstructamodleofexperienceandlogicalrelationsie,expresscontent,languagecanbeusedtoconveytheexpressionoftherealworldandtheinnerworld.(ii)interpersonalfunction:thetenorofdiscourselanguagecanbeusedtoenactandmaintainsocialr

23、elationshipintermsofstratification,class,status,rolesolidarityanddistance(iii)textualfunction:themodeofdiscourseCreaterelevancetocontextie,languageitselfcanmakesepratesentencessemanticallycoherentthroughsomegrammaticalandsemanticdevices.Themainachievementsofthefuntionalapproach1.Functionalsentencepe

24、rspectivesentence(i)Pointofdeparture:thetheme(主位)ofthesentence,knownoroldinformation(ii)Goalofdiscourse:rheme(述位),theveryinformationthatthespeakerwantstoimporttothehearer.Sorhemeisthenewinformationtothehearer.Sentencestructure:thethemetorehme2.systemicfunctionalgrammarSystemicgrammar&functionalgramm

25、arThefirstexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageassystemnetwork,whichconsistsofsubsytemsfromwhichtheusersmakechoices.Thelatteraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction(languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman)SummaryThis part has introduced lexical categories and phrase categories,followed by an analyses of syntactical rules:the s-rule,phrase structure rules,coordination rule,deep structure sub-categorization,transformational rules,and surface structure,etc.which are expected to enable students to combine words into novel sentences in an endlessly way.