2023年初中英语七年级升八年级衔接辅导之语法篇专题一名词.pdf

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1、学习必备 欢迎下载 初中英语七年级升八年级衔接辅导 语法复习 专题一 名词 一、知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall,America 它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如 pen,worker它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class，team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：

2、water,paper它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work,time 它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。（一）名词的种类 种类 例词 专有名词 London,John,the Communist Party of China 普通名词 nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table 集体名词 class,family,army,police,team,people 物质名词 water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand 抽象名词 happiness,love,wor

3、k,life,courage,honest （二）名词的功能 功能 例句 主语 My family is now in New York.表语 His father is a scientist.宾语 We love our great motherland.宾语补语 He made London the base for his work.定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs.状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位语 Mr Brown,a famous scientist,will come here.（三）名词的用法及

4、注意问题 名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。因此，在使用中要注意；首先分析名词是可数名词还是不可数名词。若是可数名词，就要考虑用名词的单数还是复数。最后要考虑是否用冠词，是用定冠词还是用不定冠词。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work 等。可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。1、可数名词复数形式规则变化构成规律 一般情况加 s,如：penpens,doctordoctors,boy boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读

5、s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:mapmap，boyboys.学习必备 欢迎下载 在以 s,sh,ch,x 结尾的名词后面加 es，如：busbuses,classclasses,其读音为iz。以 ce,se,ze,(d)ge 结尾的名词加 s，其读音为iz。以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，要将 y 变为 i 再加 es，读作z，如：factory factories,country countries,familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加 s，如:boyboys,daydays。以 o 结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加 es，但如果 o 前面是元音字母

6、或外来词，缩写词以 o 结尾的则只加 s，如：tomatotomatoes,hero heroes;photo photos,radioradios,pianopianos 巧学法园地 巧记以-o结尾加-es的词 A.“两人两菜”（hero,negro,potato,tomato）B.一句话 Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes.C.有生命的加-es，无生命的加-s。以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词的复数形式要将 f 或 fe 变为 v 再加 es，如：knifeknives,leafleaves,但有些例外的词如 roof 的复

7、数形式是 roofs。2、不规则名词的复数形式 不规则名词复数形式没有规律可循，要单个记忆。如:manmen,woman women,但是，German Germans footfeet,tooth teeth,mousemice childchildren,巧学法园地 巧记不规则名词单变复 男女脚步牙鹅，孩子老鼠虱子婆。man-men;woman-women;foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese;child-children;mouse-mice;louse-lice 3、单复同形的名词 如，fish,sheep,deer,Chinese,Japanese 等

8、4、单数形式，复数意义的名词 如，people,police，family,class 5、名词的格 主格可作主语 宾格可作宾语 所有格可作定语；用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。名词所有格的变化形式 有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s 其复数形式是 s，如其结尾不是 s 的复数形式仍加s，如：a students room,students rooms,Childrens Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of 结构，如：the capital of our country,the colo

9、ur of the flowers 二、例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！C1.They got much _ from those new books.A.ideas B.photos C.news D.stories C2.I have two _ and three bottles of _ here.A.orange,orange B.oranges,oranges 的要把注意力放在其应用上来我们不妨把它分为两大类专有名词与普通示的是若干个个体组成的集合体物质名词如它表示的是一种物质原材料名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词二名词的功能功能例句主语表语宾语宾学习必备 欢迎下载 C.oranges

10、,orange D.orange,oranges A3.Every evening M r.King takes a _ to his home.A.25 minutes walk B.25 minutes wa lk C.25 minute walk D.25 minutes walk B4.An old _ wants to see you.A.people B.person C.the people D.the person D5.Help yourself to _.A.chickens and apples B.chickens and apple C.chicken and app

11、le D.chicken and apples C6.Oh,dear.I forgot the two _.A.rooms number B.rooms number C.room numbers D.rooms numbers C7.She has been in Tianjin for ten years.Tianjin has become her second _.A.family B.house C.home D.room D8._ mothers couldnt go to the meeting,because they have gone to Shanghai.A.Mary

12、and Peters B.Mary and Peter C.Marys and Peter D.Marys and Peters B9.Li Lei has been to _ many times this month.A.her uncle B.her uncles C.her uncles D.aunts B10.He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching.A.many experiences B.much experience C.an experience D.a lot experience D11.A classm

13、ate of _ was here ten minutes ago.A.you B.your C.your sister D.your sisters A12.A group of _ are talking with two _.A.Frenchmen,Germans B.Germans,Frenchmans C.Frenchmans,Germen D.Germen,Frenchmen B13.The team _ having a meeting.A.is B.are C.am D.be C14.“Would you like _?”“_,please.”A.drink,Three cof

14、fees B.a cup of drink,Coffees C.a drink,A coffee D.a drink,Three cups of coffees A15.The Great Wall was made not only by _,but also the flesh and blood of _ men.A.earth and stone,millions of B.earths and stones,millions C.the earth and stone,million of D.the earths and stones,millions 三、练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取

15、得好成绩！I：写出下面单词的复数：1.pen_2.strawberry_3.watch_4.key_5.dictionary_ 6.backpack_7.brother_8.tomato_9.hamburger_10.egg_ 11.basketball_12.skirt_13.documentary_14.student_ II：单句改错 1.Please give me two letter papers.正Please give me two pieces of letter paper.析paper 作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each 的要把注意

16、力放在其应用上来我们不妨把它分为两大类专有名词与普通示的是若干个个体组成的集合体物质名词如它表示的是一种物质原材料名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词二名词的功能功能例句主语表语宾语宾学习必备 欢迎下载 student should write a paper on what he has learnt.2.My glasses is broken.正My glasses are broken.析英语中 glasses眼镜，shoes鞋，trousers裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用 a pair of glasses 而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This p

17、air of glasses is very good.3.May I borrow two radioes?正May I borrow two radios?析以 o 结尾的名词大都是用加 es 来表示其复数形式，但如果 o 前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加 s 就可以了。这样的词有 zoozoos,piano pianos.4.This is a Marys dictionary.正This is Marys dictionary.析如名词前有指示代词 this,that,these those,及其他修饰词 our,some,every,which,或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。5.I

18、want a few water.正I want a little water.析不可数名词前可以用 a little,little,a lot of,some 来修饰，但不可用 many,few 来修饰。6.Thank you very much.Your family is very kind to me.正Thank you very much.Your family are very kind to me.析集合名词如果指某个集合的整体，则应视为单数，如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:My family is a big family.When I came in,Toms fa

19、mily were watching TV.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有：family class,team 等。7.Food in that restaurant is very good.正The food in that restaurant is very good.析物质名词是不可数名词，在使用中不可以加 s，即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如：I dont like drinking coffee,but the coffee in that cup is really good.8.Can you give me the ne

20、wspaper of today?正Can you give me todays newspaper?析加s 构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Marys hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s 来构成而不用 of 结构。如：a five minutes walk.9.Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.正Please make room for the lady in the school bus.析英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如：room 为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I liv

21、e in Room 5.而 room 为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：glass 玻璃 glasses 眼镜 stone 石头 a stone 一块石头 time 时间 two times 两次 wood 木头 woods 树林 10.There is a flowers garden behind my house.正There is a flower garden behind my house.析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory(鞋厂),post

22、office(邮局),evening paper(晚报),night school(夜校),head master(校长),a law school(法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting(运动会)。11.My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.的要把注意力放在其应用上来我们不妨把它分为两大类专有名词与普通示的是若干个个体组成的集合体物质名词如它表示的是一种物质原材料名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词二名词的功能功能例句主语表语宾语宾学习必备 欢迎下载 正My mother boug

23、ht two fish for supper this morning.析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中国人),means(方法)。所以应讲 one fish,two fish,one Chinese,two Chinese.如果讲 There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。12.Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如：t

24、hanks,greens，而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而 cloth 则是布，sand 沙子，而 sands 是沙滩。13.We have five German in this meeting.正We have five Germans in this meeting.析英国人 Englishman 的复数形式为 Englishmen，而 German 则要加 s，因为它不是由国名与 man 的组合词。14.There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.正There are three 6s

25、and two 3s in my telephone number.析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s 15.We have many woman teachers in our school.正We have many women teachers in our school.half brotherhalf brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in law daughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers(男司机)woman doctor women doctors(女大夫)grown up grown up

26、s(成年人)但是 boy student则变为 boy students 16.Physics are very difficult to learn.正Physics is very difficult to learn.析虽以 s 结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics.Mathematics politics游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)其他名词：news(消息，新闻)17.Where is my shoe?正Where are my shoes?析常常只用作复数形式的词有 trousers,pants,shorts(短裤)，

27、socks(袜子),shoes,gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Wheres my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)18.There is a new car.It is Jones and Marys.正There is a new car.It is Jone and Marys.析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加s 如：Marys car.如果是以 s 结尾的复数名词则只在 s 后面加如：teachers offices.如果是复数名词但不是以 s 结尾，则只加s，如：childrens palace 组合名词的所有格是在最

28、后一个词尾加s 如：girl friend girl friends someone else someone elses a week or three a week or threes 如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend,Marys car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加s，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s，如：This is Mary and Jones home.即 Mary 与 Jone 是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而 These are Marys and Jones homes.

29、则应译为这里是 Mary 的家与 Jone 的家。19.The teacher with five students are coming here.正The teacher with five students is coming here.析要注意由 with 引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词 and 有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here.这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是 teacher 的修饰的要把注意力放在其应用上来我们不妨把它分为两大类专有名词与普通示的是若干个个体组成的集合体物质名词如它表示的是一种物质原材料名

30、词集体名词物质名词抽象名词二名词的功能功能例句主语表语宾语宾学习必备 欢迎下载 语。20.I like to study the English.正I like to study English.析 作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：I like to study history.I like to study the history of America.III:单项选择 A1.-Is he _?-No,he is _.A.English,Chinese B.an English,ChinaC.English boy,Chinese boy D.a Englis

31、h,a China A2.Im Lucy Brown.Lucy is my _ name.So you can call（称呼）me Lucy or Miss Brown.A.first B.middle C.last D.family D3.Do you know(知道)the answer to the _?Sorry,I dont know.A.telephone B.number C.family D.question D4.Is that your _?A.a picture B.photos C.photoes D.picture C5.Are _ Lucys _?A.this,p

32、encils B.that，pencil C.these，pencils D.those，pencil D6.Your _ son is your brother.A.parents B.parents C.parentss D.parents B7.They are in _ but in _.A.same grade;different classes B.the same grade;different classes C.same grades;different class D.the same grades;different class C8.Linda has 5 _.A.te

33、nnis B.soccers balls C.soccer balls D.soccer ball C9.There is a _ shop.It sells bananas,apples,pears and oranges.Avegetable Bfood Cfruit Ddrink A10.We need lots of _ every day Ahealthy food Bsalads Cmilks Dvegetable D11.Some _ are on the tree(树).A.banana B.strawberrrys C.apple D.oranges D12.Septembe

34、r 10th is _.A.Womens Day B.Childrens Day C.Mid-autumn Day D.Teachers Day D13Here _.Ais some informations B are some in formations Care some information Dis some information B14._ like to go swimming _ summer.AChildren,on BChildren,in CA child,on DA child,in D15.Those are my pencils.A.brother B.broth

35、ers C.brotherss D.brothers C16.He wants two _ salt and three _ eggs.A.bags;kilos B.bags of;kilos C.bags of;kilos of D.bags;kilos of A17._ is ready.AAll the food BThe all food CAll his books DHis all books C18.The _on the desk are for all the children Acandy Bcandys Ccandies Dcandys D19.How much _ do

36、 you want?的要把注意力放在其应用上来我们不妨把它分为两大类专有名词与普通示的是若干个个体组成的集合体物质名词如它表示的是一种物质原材料名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词二名词的功能功能例句主语表语宾语宾学习必备 欢迎下载 A.tomatoes B.bananas C.hamburgers D.chicken C20.My pen pal comes from.She speaks.A.America;American B.Canada;ChinaC.Japan;Japanese D.France;France C21.Lisa can speak _Chinese.A.many B.lot

37、 C.a little D.a few A22.The two girls are _.They speak _.A.American,English B.America,English C.America,America D.Americans,America A23.The _ looking for a tall dark man with long hair.A.police are B.polices are C.policemen is D.policeman are B24.What _ bowl of noodles would you like,small or large?A.kind B.size C.colour D.time A25.Welcome to the _ restaurant!We have different _.A.noodle,noodles B.noodles,noodle C.noodle,noodle D.noodles,noodles 的要把注意力放在其应用上来我们不妨把它分为两大类专有名词与普通示的是若干个个体组成的集合体物质名词如它表示的是一种物质原材料名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词二名词的功能功能例句主语表语宾语宾