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1、中考英语语法定语从句知识讲解一、基本原则1.定语从句同样是对名词进行修饰,且要放在所修饰的名词之后,这个所修饰的名词被称为“先行词”.英语中向来避讳“头重脚轻”,但凡一个句子中某块内容比较长,都会习惯性地往后甩.同理,定语从句是个有一定长度的句子,修饰的又多半是个简短的名词,按照“头重脚轻”的规律,自然要放在被修饰词的后面.2.引导,或者说连接定语从句的词,叫关系词,由部分疑问词&that组成.(名词性从句中就直接叫连词了,顾名思义是用来连接2个句子嘛)关系词又细分为: 关系代词:who/whom/whose/which/that 关系副词:when/where/why3.关系代词除了whos
2、e(表示“谁的”)之外,其它的关系代词等于“先行词”.通俗点说,就是在定语从句中,who/whom/which/that这些关系代词所指代的内容,等于它们所修饰的那个名词(又称为“先行词”)。4.除whose外的关系代词,在句子中做成分,不做主语时可以省略,并且决定从句的单复数.【例】the phonewhichI bought yesterday.关系代词 which后连接的是定语从句,which=the phone(先行词)which在句子中做成分(宾语),从句相当于是:I bought the phone yesterdaywhich既然做宾语,意味着不做主语,即可将which省略:th
3、e phone I bought yesterday.the boywholovesmusic.关系代词who=先行词the boywho在从句中做主语,从句相当于:the boy loves music,who做主语不可省略.the boy是单数,who=the boy,故从句中的动词要用单数形式.如果先行词是复数:the boys,这个从句就得是复数形式:the boyswholovemusic.5.先行词是人,连接词可用who/whom/that,whom只能与介词连接使用,先行词是物,连接词可用which/that.6.写定语从句流程 找出主句的主谓宾/主系表,即:整句话最想表达的那个
4、意思. 找先行词,即主句中被定语从句修饰的词. 把定语从句单独写出来后,放到先行词后面.【例】我昨天买的那部手机很贵.主句:手机很贵(也是整句话的核心意思):the phone is expensive.先行词,(定语)从句修饰的那个:the phone定语从句,修饰the phone:“我昨天买的-I bought yesterday”,放在the phone后面.连接词,先行词the phone是物,用which/that.全句:The phonewhich/thatI bought yesterdayis expensive.今天我在街上碰到的那个人长得很高.The manwho/who
5、m/thatI met on thestreet today is very tall.主句:The man is very tall.who既可以做主语,又可以做宾语,whom只能做宾语,that都能做,这里关系代词(连接词)在从句中做宾语,且不做主语,因此有4种写法:who/whom/that/省略.二、判断定语从句的先行词想要准确找出定语从句的先行词,首先理解以下几点:定语从句其实可以看做是2个及以上多个简单句嵌套而成,目的是为了丰富表达的内容,让整个句子的层次更丰富,一句话可以传达出更多意思.定语从句必须依附于主句中的”先行词“,以丰富这个”先行词“的内容.主句和定语从句可以看成是2个
6、简单句,这2个简单句共有的词,就是先行词.如果把主句和从句拆开成单个简单句,”先行词“会分别出现在主句和定语从句中,但为了避免重复,从句的”先行词“用关系代词/关系副词来替代了.【例】你昨天聚会遇到的那个人是个摇滚歌手.分析:拆句子:-你昨天聚会遇到那个人(从句)You metthe personyesterday.那个人是个摇滚歌手(主句,整句话最想表达的意思)The personis a rock singer.两句话同时出现的词是”那个人-The person“,先行词就是:那个人-The person.从句中,”那个人“做宾语,关系代词可以用:who/whom/that/省略.把主句与
7、从句合并,从句紧跟在”先行词“后,中间用关系代词连接:The personwhoyoumetthe personyesterday(从句)is a rock singer.从句中的”先行词“由关系代词来表示,故删去. 由于”先行词“在从句中做宾语,于是整个句子有4种写法:The personwhoyou metyesterday is a rocksinger.The personwhomyou metyesterdayisa rocksinger.The personthatyou metyesterdayisa rocksinger.The person/youmetyesterdayis
8、a rocksinger.三、that+定语从句有哪些?1.先行词是不定代词,或者先行词被不定代词修饰 可以做”先行词“的(名词性)不定代词:anything、everything、nothing、few、all、none、little、some在定语从句中,这些不定代词做”先行词“,相当于在句中做了名词(n.)也就是说,这些不定代词可以做名词使用.【例】这些都是我想买的.按照上期咱们的拆句子方法:主句-这些都是-这些全部.These are all.这里大家一定要记住:主句&从句都是完整的句子(主谓宾/主系表)从句-都是我想买的-我想买全部:I want to buy all.2句话合并,从
9、句放在先行词nothing后面,用that连接:These are all that I want to buy.在只用that做关系代词的情况下,”先行词“不做主语时,也可以省略关系代词.这里all在从句中做宾语,也可以省略:These areall /Iwant to buy.没什么事情是我不能做的.主句-没什么事情-There is nothing.(有些表达中文里不能直接翻译过来,这里nothing可以理解为“什么都没有”的事情)从句-我不能做的事情-I cant do nothing.合并-There is nothing (that) I cant do.可以做”先行词“的(形容词
10、性)不定代词:every、any、all、some、no、little、few、much、each(all/some/little/few既可以做形容词,又可以做名词)【例】他买的所有书都很贵.All booksthathe boughtare veryexpensive.他买的食物冰箱里没剩多少了.There isnt much food left(that)he boughtin our refrigerator.我给你看一些你可能会好奇的视频.I will show you some videosthatyou may be curiousabout.(about千万不能丢)2.先行词被
11、the only/ the last/ the very等修饰【例】我不会成为最后一个知道考试结果的人.I wont be the last one thatknowsthe exam results.(注意从句的单复数,这里“先行词”one是单数,谓语部分记得+s)他正好是我想认识的那个人.He is theveryonethatI want toknow.这周末我唯一想做的事情是读书.The only thing (that)I want to dothis weekendis reading.3.先行词被序数词修饰(第一/二/三.)【例】他是我在这个学校结交的第一个朋友.He is th
12、e firstfriendthatImade in this school.我昨天在电影院见到的第二个人是个小偷.The second person thatI met yesterday in the cinemawas a thief.如果赢得比赛,你想做的第一件事是什么?If youwon the game,what is the first thing thatyouwant to do?4.先行词是最高级,或者被最高级修饰【例】他是我见过的最善良的人.He is the kindest man that I have ever seen.现在我们遇到最难的事是没有钱.The most
13、difficult thingthat we are facingisno money.她是这个学校所有老师公认的最聪明的人.She isthe smartest person thatallteachers have acknowledged in this school.5.先行词同时包含人和物【例】我向朋友们介绍了一些我在国外经历的人和事.Iintroducedsomepeople and storiesthat I have experienced abroad to myfriends.她向我提起了一些她仍记得的过去的人和事.Shetold me about some people
14、andsomething that she still remembersfromthe past6.当句子是由who/what/which引导的疑问句时,由于疑问词已经用了who/what/which,连接词再使用的话就重复了,所以只能用that.【例】那个正在吃冰淇淋的人是谁?Who isthe personthatis eating ice cream?连接与人有关的关系代词原本用Who,这里如果用了,就和句首的疑问词重复了,所以关系代词只能换成that.你最想买的杯子是哪个?Which is the cup that you want to buy most?四、whose+定语从句w
15、hose 表示“XXX的”,有点像名词所有格whose 做定语从句的关系代词,也可以指代人/物【例】那个家里很有钱的姑娘出国了.The girlwhosefamilyis rich went abroad.这里whose=the girls如果把whose换成who,句子就变成:The girlwhohas arich family went abroad.把这个句子拆开的话:主句:那个姑娘出国了.The girl went abroad.从句:那个姑娘家很有钱.The girls family is rich.(连接词用whose,替代The girls)The girl has a rich family.(连接词用who,替代The girl)请把那支蓝色的笔递给我吧.Please pass me the pen whose color is blue.我喜欢那辆有双人座的车.I like the car whoseseats are double.你能帮一下那个手臂受伤的人吗?Could you help the man whose arm was broken?4