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1、Universit degli Studi di UdineWireless and Power Line Communications LabPowerLineCommunicationSystemsintheSmartGridContextAndreaM.TonelloWirelessandPowerLineCommunicationsLabUniversityofUdine,Italytonellouniud.itwww.diegm.uniud.it/tonelloA.M.Tonello2012.Thismaterialisfortheseminaruseonly.Itcannotbec

2、opiedand/ordistributedwithoutauthors permission.GreenTechnologies Enabling EnergySaving2012SummerSchoolinInformationEngineeringUniversitypf Padova Brixen Italy2SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012A.TonelloIntroductionFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo3A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEnginee

3、ring2012AndreaM.TonelloUniversity ofUdine:17.000studentsWiPLi Lab15members,partoftheDepartmentofElectrical,MechanicalandManagementEngineering(150+members)Activities:WirelessandPowerLineCommunicationsCommunicationtheoryandsignalprocessingSystemandprotocoldesignMeasurements andemulationRFandbase bandp

4、rototypingHomenetworking,smartgrid,vehicularcommunicationsProjects:severalEUFP5FP7andindustrialprojectsUdineVeniceMilanRomeAndreaM.TonelloAggregate professoratUniv.ofUdineVicechair IEEETCPLCSteeringcommitteememberIEEEISPLCFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo4A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngine

5、ering2012ContentsIntroductionPowerlinecommunicationapplicationsRoleofPLCintheSmartGridChallenges:Channelandtransmission technologyPLCchannel Channelcharacterizationandmodeling,Noise andmodelingPhysical layer techniques Singlecarriermodulation(FSK),multicarriermodulationAlookatsystemsandstandardsNetw

6、orkandMACaspectsConclusionsandevolutionReferencesSpeakerbio5SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012A.TonelloPowerLineCommunicationsFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo6A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012ApplicationScenarios Idea:exploitthepowerdeliverynetworktoconveydatasignals Itdat

7、esbacktoabout1920whenitwasusedtotransmitdataandvoicebetweensubstationsoverhighvoltage(HV)lines Ultranarrowbandsolutionshaveevolvedintonarrowbandandbroadbandsystems Theapplicationhasbecomeubiquitous Broadbandinternetaccess InHomenetworking Smartgridapplications InVehicleapplicationChronological order

8、Fareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo7A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012PLCApplications Broadbandinternetaccess ItenablescustomerpremisestoaccesstheInternetthroughtheexistingLVnet Technology:broadbandPLCinthebands230MHz Deployments:Italy,Austria,Germany,Spain,USA,.Marketsuffers ofhigh

9、ly penetrated xDSL services Homenetworking Highspeed services delivered through thehomegateway Homeautomation InvehiclecommunicationsviaDC/AClines Ships,planes,cars Command andcontrol Redundant bus MultimediaservicesADSLFTTHRLLPLCPLC8SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012A.TonelloRoleofPLCintheSma

10、rtGridFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo9A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012SmartGridfrom:http:/smartgrid.ieee.orggenerationtransmissiondistributioncustomerConvergence of Communication and Electrical Networks A Smart Grid is composed by several domainsGeneration,Transmission,Distrib

11、ution,Customer Intelligent and dynamic grid withDistributed generation and storage optionsActive participation by customers The Smart Grid elements of each domain areinterconnected through twoway communicationFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo10A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012PLC

12、intheSmartGridhousehousebuildingMV/LVsubstationLV PLCLV PLCLV PLCMV/LVsubstationMV/LVsubstationHV/MVstationMV PLCMV PLCMV PLCINTERNETNetwork Operator PLCprovides aneasytoinstall twowaycommunication infrastructure Monitoring and control Faultdetection,monitoringofpower quality and islanding effects E

13、nergy management Decentralizedproductionandstorage control Charging of electrical vehicles Smart meter reading Demand side management Demand response Dynamic pricing Acquisition of user behaviorDistributionDomainUserdomainDistributiondomain Internet access Smart home Home networking Automation and c

14、ontrolUserDomain TheuserdomainisveryimportantforthepenetrationofSGservicesFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo11A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012 Monitoringandcontrolwith2waycommunicationtoeasetheintegrationinthedistributiongridof Renewableenergysources(PVandwindplants)Decentralized

15、storagesystems(batteriesandecars)Control,authenticationandpaymentofecarcharge Smartmeterreading(andpowermeasurement)Homeenergymanagementsystems(HEMS)Demandresponseanddemandsidemanagement UserbehaviorprofilesSomeSpecificApplicationAreasofPLCFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo12A.TonelloSummerSchool

16、ofInformationEngineering2012 Monitoringandcontrolofthegrid HV/MVlinestatus,faults Islandingofmicrogrids Powerquality(frequency,voltage/current,harmonics)Powersystemsstatus(transformers,CBs)LoadandgeneratorsheddinginremoteareasSomeSpecificApplicationsofPLCFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo13A.Tone

17、lloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012 ExtremelyNarrowBandPLC Verylowdatarates(intheorderofbps)forapplicationinlargegrids NarrowBand(NB)PLC Lowdatarate(upto1Mbps)andnarrowspectrum BroadBand(BB)PLC Highdatarate(above10Mbps)andlargespectrumClassificationofPLCTechnologiesFareclicpermodificarelosti

18、ledeltitolo14A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012RoleofNBPLCandBBPLC Alltheseservicesandapplicationshavedifferentrequirements:Datarate,latency,robustness,energy efficiency It is believed that NBPLCis therightchoice forSGapplications.This is because:Low datarates arerequired Longer dista

19、nces arecovered byNBPLCsignals Cheapmodemshavetobedeployed BBPLChas been designed forinternetaccess andhomenetworking15SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012A.TonelloChallengesFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo16A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012Challenges Communication mediumis

20、not designed fordatatransmission Advancedtransmission techniques have tobedevised Protocols andnetworksfortheefficient deliveryofetherogeneusservices areimportant Standardization17SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012A.TonelloChannelCharacterizationBandsandCouplingFareclicpermodificarelostiledelt

21、itolo18A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012PLCOperatingBands01230100240MHzAMRadio520kHz,1610kHzAmateurRadio1.8MHz,30MHzDefence Systems+RadioPMR/PAMR30MHz,87.5MHzFMRadio87.5MHz,108MHzTV+RadioVHF108MHz,240MHzNarrowbandPLCBroadbandPLCPSDequal to 50dBm/Hz+Notching1.8303 995125140A BandB Ban

22、dC Band148.5500D BandFCC/ARIBextendedbands(prohibited inEU)(kHz)(MHz)Spectralmaskshavebeendefinedtolimittheemissions(EMC)Cenelec:A(powerutilities),B(anyapplications),C(homenetworkswithCSMA),D(securityapplications)Thirdgenerationbroadbandsolutionsgobeyond30MHz(80andeven250MHz)REF.IEC,CISPR/I/301/CD,A

23、mendment1toCISPR22Ed.6.0:Additionoflimitsandmethodsofmeasurementforconformancetestingofpowerlinetelecommunicationportsintendedfortheconnectiontothemains,20090731.01230100240MHzAMRadio520kHz,1610kHzAmateurRadio1.8MHz,30MHzDefence Systems+RadioPMR/PAMR30MHz,87.5MHzFMRadio87.5MHz,108MHzTV+RadioVHF108MH

24、z,240MHzNarrowbandPLCBroadbandPLCPSDequal to 50dBm/Hz+Notching1.8303 995125140A BandB BandC Band148.5500D BandFCC/ARIBextendedbands(prohibited inEU)(kHz)(MHz)Fareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo19A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012 Couplingisnecessarytoremovethe50/60Hzpowersignal Capa

25、citivecouplingisoftenused,especiallyinLVCoupling SizeisanissueifusedinMV/HVlinesInductivecouplinginMVlines,courtesyofRSECapacitivecouplinginMVlines,courtesyofRSEprotectioncircuitrycapacitorRFtransformer InductivecouplingsimplifiesinstallationbuthaslowerpassbehaviorFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltito

26、lo20A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012ChannelCharacteristics Ingeneralthechannel exhibits Multipath propagation dueto discontinuites andunmatched loads Frequency Selective Fading Cyclic time variations dueto periodic change oftheloads with themainsfrequency(mostly bistatic behaviour i

27、nhomenetworks)Itisimportanttoperformchannel characterizationandmodelingandIenjoydoingthat!Fareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo21A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012ALookat theTopologiesThe distribution system is divided insupply cells with a number of housesconnected to a MV/LV substat

28、ionStructure depends on the countryMV/LVsubstationLV supply cable max length 1 km 400 V L-L230 V L-N1791416212330L3L2NL1Medium Voltage:10-30 kVlength 5-10 kmHV/MVstationHV/MVstationMV/LVsubstationMV/LVsubstationHigh Voltage:110-380 kVlength 100 kmsupply cell 300 housesDistribution GridLayered tree s

29、tructure from themain panel with many branchesandoutletsfedbyderivationboxesIn-home GridMainpanel22SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012A.TonelloInHomeChannelChannelCharacterizationFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo23A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012InHomeChannelCharacterizatio

30、n Real liferesidentialsites Italianinhomescenario Upto100MHz Morethan660 links Channelfrequencyresponse Inputimpedance StaticandtimevariantchannelacquisitionsFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo24A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012PathLossandPhasefromMeasurementsPathLossPhaseThephasei

31、snotuniformlydistributedTheaveragephaseisnotlinearatlowfrequenciesOnaverageHighattenuationFrequencyincreasingattenuationStrongfadingeffectsAveragechannelgainislognormal020406080100-120-100-80-60-40-20020Frequency(MHz)Path Loss(dB)020406080100-200-150-100-50050Frequency(MHz)Phase(rad)Fareclicpermodif

32、icarelostiledeltitolo25A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012StatisticalAnalysis Itisimportanttocharacterizestatisticallythechannel WedefinetheRootMeanSquareDelaySpreadas WedefinetheCoherenceBandwidthas 2222000,DDDPdPdP th thd 21*0.90.90BcBR fHHf dR BR WedefinetheAverageChannelGainas 2121

33、021110log|BBGHfdfBBh(t)H(f)Fareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo26A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012RelationsbetweenMetrics00.20.40.60.81050010001500200025003000RMS-Delay Spread(s)Coherence Bandwidth(=0.9)(kHz)2-100 MHz Italy2-100 MHz Italy2-100 MHz France-60-50-40-30-20-10000.10.20.3

34、0.40.50.60.70.80.91Average Channel Gain(dB)RMS-Delay Spread(s)2-100 MHz Italy2-100 MHz Italy2-30 MHz Italy2-30 MHz US2-30 MHz Spain Thehigherthechannelattenuation,thehigherthedelayspread Coherencebandwidthisanhyperbolicfunctionofthedelayspread DatafromcampaignsinItaly,inFrance,inUSA,andinSpainREF.M.

35、Tlich,A.Zeddam,F.Moulin,F.Gauthier,“Indoor PowerLine Communications Channel Characterization Up to 100 MHz Part II:TimeFrequency Analysis,”IEEE Trans.Power Del.,2008.REF.S.Galli,“A Simple TwoTap Statistical Model for the Power Line Channel,”in Proc.of ISPLC 2010.REF.F.J.Caete,et al.,“On the Statisti

36、cal Properties of Indoor Power Line Channels:Measurements and Models,”in Proc.of ISPLC 2011.REF F.Versolatto,A.Tonello,“On the Relation Between the Geometrical Distance and Channel Statistics in InHome PLC Networks,”in Proc.ofISPLC12.State(BandinMHz)ACG(dB)RMSDS(s)CB(kHz)Italy(2 100)35.750.32301Fran

37、ce(2 100)0.21310Italy(2 30)32.380.36226US(suburban)(2 30)48.90.52Spain(2 30)300.2927SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012A.TonelloChannelCharacterizationOutdoorLVandMVChannelFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo28A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012OutdoorLVvs.InHomePLCChannel InHome

38、 channels have highfrequency selectivity andlowattenuation Very highnumber ofbranches,discontinuities andunmatchedloads Shortcables OutdoorLV channels havehighattenuation butnegligible fading Cable attenuation dominates Comparison between OPERA(OpenPLCEuropean ResearchAlliance)reference channels and

39、atypical InHome channel01020304050-200-180-160-140-120-100-80-60-40-200frequency(MHz)Path Loss(dB)In-HomeOutdoor LV150 m350 m250 mREF.M.Babic et al.,“OPERA Deliverable D5.Pathloss as a Function of Frequency,Distance and Network Topology for Various LVand MV European Powerline Networks,”2005.Fareclic

40、permodificarelostiledeltitolo29A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012OutdoorMVChannel MVchannels exhibit ingeneral(but not always)lowerattenuation than OutdoorLVPLC Overhead cables manifest theeffect ofhighloss earth Coupling effects have also to be considered Inductive/Capacitive couplin

41、gREF.A.Tonello,et al.“Analysis of Impulsive UWB Modulation on a Real MV Test Network,”in Proc.IEEE Int.Symp.on Power LineCommun.and Its App.ISPLC11,Apr.2011.30SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012A.TonelloCanWeModeltheChannel?TopdownModelingApproachFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo31A.Tonello

42、SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012TopDownStatisticalModeling Thechanneltransferfunctioncanbedeterministically modeledaccordingtotheMultipathPropagationModel(MPM)0121pKiiNaa fdjfdiiHfApfeeReflection/transmissioneffectsCableattenuationPropagationphaseshiftpN ipfidmaxL IDEA:introducethevariabilit

43、yintothemodel(statisticalextension):Poissonrandomvariablewithintensity:lognormalfrequencydependentr.v.witharandomsignflip:Erlang randomvariable(uniformdistributionin0,Lmax givenNp)REF.A.Tonello,“Wide Band Impulse Modulation and Receiver Algorithms for Multiuser Power Line Communications,”EURASIP Jou

44、rnal onAdvances in Signal Processing 2007.REF.A.Tonello,F.Versolato,B.Bejar,S.Zazo,A Fitting Algorithm for Random Modeling the PLC Channel,IEEE Trans.on Power Delivery,2012Fareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo32A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012FittingtheTopDownModelTheMPMcanbefittedt

45、otheexperimentalmeasures ItrequirestheknowledgeoftheaveragepathlossprofileandtheRMSdelayspreadofthemeasuredchannels Tocatchthefullvariability,wedefineclassesofchannels.Eachclassisassociatedtoacertainoccurrenceprobability,andasetofparametersREF.FP7 Theme 3 ICT213311 OMEGA,“PLC Channel Characterizatio

46、n and Modeling,”Deliverable 3.2,Dec.2008.020406080100-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-100Frequency(MHz)Path Loss(dB)Target Path LossClass1Class9A SW Generator is available at:www.diegm.uniud.it/tonelloREF.A.Tonello et al.,“A TopDown Random Generator for the InHomePLC Channel,”Proc.Global Commun.Conf.(GLOBECOM1

47、1),Dec.2011.REF.A.Tonello,F.Versolatto,B.Bejar,S.Zazo,“A Fitting Algorithm forRandom Modeling the PLC Channel“,Trans.on Power Delivery,2012.Examplesoffittingthemeasuresinhomenets:EUFP7Omegaproject(Francecampaign)Italiancampaign(discussed before)33SummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012A.TonelloCanW

48、eModeltheChannel?BottomupModelingApproachFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo34A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012 Idea:Usetransmissionlinetheorytodeterminethechanneltransferfunction Requirements:Knowledgeoftopology,cablesandloads Statisticalextension:Developastatisticalmodelforthetop

49、ology,etc.Inthefollowing,weconsidertheapplicationtotheinhomecaseBottomUpChannelModelingFareclicpermodificarelostiledeltitolo35A.TonelloSummerSchoolofInformationEngineering2012InHome:BottomUpStatisticalModeling:outlets:derivationboxes Randomtopology generation Regularstructure:theareacanbe dividedinc

50、lusters(typically one room/cluster)Each clusterhas aderivation box Nationalpracticesandnormscanalsobeimplemented(e.g.,UKringtopology)ApplyingTrasmission Line theory wecancompute theCTFamong any pairof outlets for atopology realization Efficient method based onvoltage ratioapproach has been developed