考研英语真题(2013-2005).pdf

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1、【历年考研英语真题】经过认真整理用于考研前打印来重复练习2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishPeople are,on the whole,poor at considering background informationwhen making individual decisions.At first glance this might seem like a strengththat _ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors.But Dr.Uri

2、 Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big_ 3 was leadingdecision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were workingwith.4,he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might bemore likely to send someone to prison_ 7_ he had already sentenced five

3、 or six otherdefendants only to probation on that day.To_ 8_ this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.In theory,the 9of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interviewduring the same day,but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11.He studied the results of

4、9,323 MBA interviews,12 by 31 admissionsofficers.The interviewers h a d ap p lic an ts on a scale of one to five.This scale_14 _numerous factors into consideration.The scores were 15 used in conjunctionwith an applicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test,or GMAT,astandardised exam whic

5、h is 16 out of 800 points,to make a decision on whether toaccept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series ofinterviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one_ 17 that,then thescore for the next applicant would_ 18_ by an average of 0.075 p

6、oints.This mightsound small,but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30more GMAT points than would otherwise have been_ 20_.l.A grantB submitsC transmitsD delivers2JA minorBobjectiveC crucialD external3.A issueB visionC pictureD moment4 J A For example fB On average C In princ

7、iple D Above all5.A fond Bfearful C capable D thoughtless6.A in B on C toD for7.A if Buntil C though D unless8A promoteBemphasize C shareD test9.A decisionB quality C statusD success10.A chosenB stupid CfoundD identified1 l.A exceptionalB defensibleC replaceableD otherwise12.fA inspiredBexpressedC c

8、onductedD secured13.A assignedBratedC matchedD arranged14.A putBgotgaveD took15.A insteadBthenC everD rather16.A selectedBpassedC markedD introduced17.A beforeB afterCaboveD below18.A jumpB floatC dropD fluctuate19.AachieveBundoC maintainDdisregard20.A promisingB possibleC necessaryD helpfulSection

9、II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after eachtext by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played byMeryl Streep,scold her unattractive assist

10、ant for imagining that high fashion doesntaffect her.Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweaterdescended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargainbin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion bu

11、siness couldnt be more out of dateor at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Clines three-yearindictment of fast fashion”.In the last decades or so,advances in technology haveallowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends morequickly and anticipate d

12、emand more precisely.Quckier tumrounds mean less wastedinventory,more frequent releases,and more profit.Those labels encouragestyle-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal-meant to last only a washor two,although they dont advertise that-and to renew their wardrobe every fewweeks.By offering

13、on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brandshave hijacked fashion cycles,shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonalpace.The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.For H&Mto offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world,it

14、 must relyon low-wage,overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and usemassive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer activist bestsellers likeMichael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma.Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and

15、need,yet is non-durable,and wasteful,Cline argues,Americans,she finds,buy roughly 20 billion garments a year-about 64 items perperson-and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn womannamed SKB,who,since 2008 ha

16、s make all of her own clothes-and beautifully.But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;herexample,cant be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impacton labor and the environment-including H&M,with its green Conscious

17、Collection Line-Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by thecustomer.She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,beit in food or in energy.Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping moresustainably when they cant afford to it.21.Priestly criticizes her

18、 assistant for herA poor bargaining skill.B insensitivity to fashion.C obsession with high fashion.Dlack of imagination.22.According to Cline,mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste.B shut out the feverish fashion world.C resist the influence of advertisements.D shop for their

19、garments more frequently.23.The word“indictment”(Line 3,Para.2)is closest in meaning toA accusation.B enthusiasm.C indifference.D tolerance.24.Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainabi

20、lity.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments.D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25.What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.fC Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.Tex

21、t 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is,no one knows which half.In the internet age,at least in theory,this fraction can bemuch reduced.By watching what people search for,click on and say online,companies can aim“behavioural”ads at those most likely to

22、buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers ofsuch fine-grained information:Should advertisers assume that people are happy to betracked and sent behavioural ads?Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission(FTC)prop

23、osed adding ado not track(DNT)option to internet browsers,so that users could tell adwertisersthat they did not want to be followed.Microsofts Internet Explorer and ApplesSafari both offer DNT;Googles Chrome is due to do so this year.In February theFTC and Digital Adwertising Alliance(DAA)agreed tha

24、t the industry would getcracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row:It said that Intemet Explorer 10,theversion due to appear windows 8,would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.Geting a DNT signal does notoblige anyone to stop trac

25、king,although some companies have promised to do so.Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they aresticking with Microsofts default,some may ignore a DNT signal and press onanyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.Atter all,it has an ad businesstoo,

26、which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on default will become thenorm.DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though thefirm has compared some of its other products favourably w

27、ith Googles on that countbefore.Brendon Lynch,Microsofts chief privacy officer,bloggde:we believeconsumers should have more control.n Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in paragraph 1 that“behavioural“ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselves B lower their operationa

28、l costsC avoid complaints from consumers Dprovide better online services27.“The industry(Line 6,Para.3)refers to:A online advertisers B e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysis Dintemet browser developers28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultfA many cut the number of junk ads

29、B fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumers Dgoes against human nature29.which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purpose B Advertisers arewilling to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumers D Advertisers areobliged

30、 to offer behavioural ads30.The authors attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgence B understanding C appreciaction DskepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely-though byno means uniformly-glowingly positive.Science and technology

31、 would cure all theills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciationof the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climatechange.You might even be tempted to assume that h

32、umanity has little future to lookforward to.But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many specieshave endured for millions of years-so why shouldnt we?Take a broader look at ourspecies1 place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chanceof surviving for t

33、ens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years.Look up Homo sapiensin the“Red List”of threatened species of the International Union for theConversation of Nature(IUCN),and you will read:Listed as Least Concern as thespecies is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there are nomajor t

34、hreats resulting in an overall population decline.*So what does our deep future hold?A growing number of researchers andorganisations are now thinking seriously about that question.For example,the LongNow Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still bemarking time th

35、ousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales thanabout the more immediate future.The potential evolution of todays technology,andits social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and its perhaps best left toscience fiction writers and futurologists

36、 to explore the many possibilities we canenvisage.Thats one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicatedto the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say withconsiderable assurance.As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we havenow ide

37、ntified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which ourdescendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likelyto be a passing fad.To be su

38、re,the future is not all rosy.But we are nowknowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence ofearlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for lives of fulfillmentfB our faith in science and techn

39、ologyC our awareness of potential risks D our belief in equal opportunity32.The IUCNs“Red ListM suggest that human being areA a sustained species B a threaten to the environmentC the worlds dominant power D a misplaced race33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit

40、the scope of futurological studies.B Technology offers solutions to social problem.C The interest in science fiction is on the rise.D Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial toA explore our planets abundant resourcesfB adopt an optimistic view of the

41、 worldC draw on our experience from the pastD curb our ambition to reshape history35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind D Science,Technology and Humanity7Text 4On a five to t

42、hree vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonasimmigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeatfbr the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federalgover

43、nment and the states.In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contestedprovisions of Arizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforcefederal immigration law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone hasthe power to establish a uniform Rule of N

44、aturalization“and that federal lawsprecede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion statepolicies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courtsliberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the fede

45、ral sun.On the overturnedprovisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“occupied the field”andArizona had thus intruded on the federafs privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify thelegal status of people who come in contact with law enforc

46、ement.That5 s becauseCongress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement andexplicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federalcolleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreedwith this Constitutional logic b

47、ut disagreed about which Arizona rules conflictedwith the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice AntoninScalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to thealien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Al

48、itodescribes in his objection as“a shocking assertion assertion of federal executivepowefThe White House argued that Arizonas laws conflicted with its enforcementpriorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect,theWhite House claimed that it could invalidate any o

49、therwise legitimate state law thatit disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control ofcitizenship and the borders is among them.But if Congress wanted to prevent statesfrom using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It never did so.The admi

50、nistration was in essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry outCongresss immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.EveryJustice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36.Three provisions of Arizonas plan were overturned because theyA deprived the federal police of Con