高中英语语法专项讲义：动词不定式.docx

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1、动词不定式一 动词不定式作主语的应用1 动词不定式位于句首作主语To act like that is children.Not to consider that factor is wrong.2 动词不定式位于句尾作主语，形式主语it放在句首It is easy to make mistakes.3 “It（形式主语）+takes+某人+时间+不定式（实际主语）”句型It took me two days to do the work.4 当句中的表语是essential，necessary，unnecessary，important，easy，difficult，foolish，unwi

2、se，right，wrong，inconvenient时主语要用不定式To drive a car safely it is essential to have good brakes.To improve our teaching method is very necessary.It is important to be good at learning.5 “It（形式主语）+is+of+某人+不定式（实际主语）”句型当某些形容词作表语时，不定式的逻辑主语前的介词使用of，说明不定式指的是谁的情况。能用于这种句型的形容词有：kind，good，nice，right，wrong，wise，

3、unwise，clever，foolish，stupid，silly，careless，naughty，polite，impolite，rude，considerate，inconsiderate。 It is kind of you to think so much of us. It is awfully good of you to come and help us. It is very nice of you to invite us to the party. It was wrong of you to tell a lie. It was wise of you to refu

4、se his invitation. It is foolish of you to say so. It was silly of you to trust him. It was careless of him to leave the gas on. It is naughty of you to pull the dogs tail.二 动词不定式作宾语的应用1 动词不定式作及物动词的宾语常见的跟不定式作宾语的动词：afford，agree，arrange，ask，bear，beg，care，choose，consent，dare，decide，desire，determine，exp

5、ect，fail，guarantee，happen，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，neglect，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse，undertake，swear，want，wish。 He decided to go in for medicine so as to be able to help the working people.2 “疑问词（how，when，where，what，who）+不定式”结构作动词或介词的宾语Tom taught me how to play football.Have you de

6、cided where to have the meeting？I do not know what to do next.I do not know whom to ask about it.Will you please tell me which bus to take？I doubt whether to buy a new watch.“疑问词+不定式”结构常用作下列动词的宾语：advise，decide，discuss，explain，forget，know，learn，remember，show，teach，tell，wonder，doubt。“疑问词+不定式”结构也可以用作主语

7、或表语。 When to hold the meeting remains undecided. The question is how to put your plan into practice.三 动词不定式作表语的应用1 动词不定式用在be，seem，appear等系词后作表语动词不定式（短语）可以用在系词be之后作表语，说明主语的内容。 To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 系词seem，appear和prove后面的表语要用不定式；be said后面的主语补足语也要用不定式。 He seems to have do

8、ne quite well in the examination since he feels so confident of passing. He appears to have many friends. The method proved to be highly effective. The book is said to have been translated into five foreign languages.2 主语是“thing（all，what）+do”结构，而其中又有实意动词do时，作表语的不定式中的to可省略：The first thing we do after

9、 school is finish our assignments.All you have to do is study English harder.What he has done is spoil the whole thing. thing结构中必须有first，one，only或形容词最高级；all结构中必须带有定语从句，what结构必须是主语从句。四 动词不定式作定语的应用1 后接不定式作定语的名词（1） 由可跟不定式作宾语的动词派生或转化而来的抽象名词：attempt，claim，decision，desire，determination，failure，hope，intent

10、ion，need，plan，promise，refusal，resolution，tendency，treat，wish。（2） 由可跟不定式作状语的形容词派生或转化而来的名词：ability，ambition，anxiety，curiosity，eagerness，impatience，patience，reluctance，willingness。（3） 后接不定式说明其内容的名词：campaign，chance，courage，effort，evidence，fight，means，measure，move，movement，opportunity，position，power，reas

11、on，right，skill，struggle，strength，time，way。2 被不定式修饰的名词、代词或者数词作该不定式的逻辑主语Have you got a key to unlock this door？Have you anything to cure a bad cold？He has no one to take care of him.He is always the first to arrive at the office.上面句子中的不定式常指某一特定的动作，而表示泛指时须用“for+动名词”。 A vase is a kind of pot for holding

12、 flowers.3 被不定式修饰的名词或者代词作该不定式的逻辑宾语 在这种情况下，不定式虽然表示被动意义，但是必须使用主动形式，它与被修饰的名词或者代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，而另一个相距较远的名词或代词与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系。 I have a few words to say.4 被不定式修饰的名词或代词作该不定式中介词的宾语 在这种情况下，不定式通常多用作不及物动词，但是根据需要也可以用及物动词加上宾语；不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，其后面的介词通常不能省略。 I have not got a chair to sit on. She is a very nice girl to

13、work with.5 “介词+which（whom）+不定式”代替“不定式+介词”He is looking for a place in which to live.Mary needs a friend with whom to play.五 动词不定式作状语的应用1 作目的状语He stopped for a minute to rest.2 in order to和so as to的区别 in order to可以放在句首，也可以放在句中，常用于书面语中；so as to不能放在句首，只能放在句中，常用于口语中。 In order to separate a solid from a

14、 liquid we can use filtration. They all worked hard in order to complete their assignment in time. They got up early so as to catch the first bus. 当表示否定的目的状语时，通常用in order not to或者so as not to，而不用not to。 I am going to start now，in order not to miss the beginning. He came in quietly so as not to wake

15、the child.3 作结果状语What have I done to make you so angry？only与不定式连用时，常表示未料到的或失望的结果。 He picked himself up only to fall again heavily.I went to see him only to find him out.4 “tooto”与“only（all，not，never，but） tooto和”too ready（apt） to的区别 “tooto”结构解作“太而不能”。 I am sorry I am too much in a hurry to talk with

16、you. “tooto”结构中，若too之前有only，all，not，never，but时，后面的不定式没有否定意义。 He is only too glad to do it. We are all too pleased to accept your kind invitation. English is not too difficult to learn. It is never too late to learn. You know but too well to hold your tongue. 在“tooto”的结构中，若之后有ready，apt时，其后的不定式没有否定意义。

17、 She is too ready to find fault. He is too apt to make mistakes in spelling. “toototo”结构的前一个不定式表示肯定，后一个不定式表示否定。 He is too ready to blame others to blame himself. “toonot to”结构表示肯定。 Mary is too kind to help others.5 enough to的用法：不定式用在作副词和形容词的enough之后，用作结果状语。Is the child old enough to go to school？You

18、 have enough sense to know better.6 “so+形容词（或such+名词）+as to：用于表示结果状语，解作“如此以致”。If you are so stupid as to lend him your car you must expect it to be damaged.These two compounds react in such a way as to liberate oxygen.“would you be so good（或kind） as to？”句型用于表示有礼貌的请求。 Would you be so good as to answe

19、r the telephone if it rings？ Would you be so kind as to tell me the time？7 动词不定式用作原因状语，被它所修饰的谓语动词或作表语用的形容词多表示喜怒哀乐。We jumped with joy to hear the news.He was angry to see that nothing had been done.We were grieved to learn of his death.She is always ready to help others.8 修饰作表语或补足语的形容词easy，hard，comfo

20、rtable和difficult，用作状语：The books seem easy to read.The horse is hard to control.We found the house very comfortable to live in.The problem is difficult to solve.六 to代替整个不定式这种用法常限于下列动词或词组之后：want，wish，like，love，hate，hope，try，care，plan，prefer，need，ought，used，be going，be glad，be able，be ready。 “Did you s

21、ee the Pyramids？”“No，I wanted to，but there was not time.” He may come if he wishes to. Perhaps I will go to Brazil this summer：I would very much like to. “Would you like to come with me？”“Yes，I would love to.” “Are you and Gillian getting married？”“We hope to.” “Did you get a ticket？”“No，I tried to，

22、but there were not any left.” You can do it this way if you care to. “Do you want to give a talk on that subject？”“I prefer not to.” He always drives faster than he needs to. I do not dance much now，but I used to a lot. “Have you fed the dog？”“No，but I am just going to.”I cannot come to the dinner p

23、arty tonight. I really would be glad to，but I have a previous engagement. I should like to come to the party but I do not know whether I shall be able to.七 there to be的应用there可以与不定式to be连用，作动词或介词for的宾语。I do not want there to be any more trouble.It is important for there to be a fire-escape.如果不是介词for

24、而是其他介词，则要用there being。I never dreamt of there being a picture on the wall.I was wrong about there being some misunderstanding between us.八 带逻辑主语的动词不定式的应用当动词不定式带有逻辑主语时，在逻辑主语前通常要用介词for。带逻辑主语的动词不定式可以充当句中的主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。 It is not possible for us to admit that there is life of any sort on the moon. We t

25、hink it possible for them to fulfill their production plan in a few days. That was probably the best way for us to overcome the difficulties. He opened the window for the fresh air to come in.九 动词不定式的完成式的应用动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生或在它之后发生，如果动词不定式所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则应该用不定式的完成式。I happened to

26、 have come across the book once.appear和seem之后只能跟不定式，不能跟分词或动名词。 They appear to have been injured in the accident. He seems to have missed the train.would（第一人称也可以用should） like可以与动词不定式的完成式连用，表示未实现的愿望。这种表达形式可以替换成“would have liked+不定式的一般式”或“would have liked+不定式的完成式”。 I would like to have seen his face wh

27、en he opened the letter. =I would have liked to see his face when he opened the letter. =I would have liked to have seen his face when he opened the letter.十 动词不定式的被动式的应用当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式应该用被动式，用作句中的主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。 It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. What is to be done ne

28、xt？ I did not expect to be invited. There are a lot of questions to be discussed at the meeting. She spoke too quickly to be understood. A new book on atomic energy is said to have been written.如果句中的主语是不定式的动作的发生者，则不定式要用主动态；如果句中的主语是不定式的动作的承受者，则不定式要用被动态。 I have work to do. These sheets are to be washe

29、d.在以there is（are）引起的句子中，用于修饰主语的不定式既可以用主动态，也可以用被动态，两者的意思相同。There is a lot of work to do.There is a lot of work to be done.There are three letters to write today.There are three letters to be written today.在there is（are）句型中，如果主语是something，anything和nothing，则作定语的不定式用主动态和被动态在意思上有所区别。 There is nothing to

30、do now.（现在无事可干。）=We have nothing to do now.There is nothing to be done now.（现在没有什么办法。）=We can do nothing now.某些句子中，不定式用主动态或被动态都可以，但是主动态多用于口语中，被动态多用于正式文体中。 It is too hot to eat. It is too hot to be eaten.to let，to blame和to seek不定式是主动形式，却表示被动意义。 This house is to let. You are to blame for the accident. The reason is not far to seek.学科网（北京）股份有限公司