初升高衔接英语讲解.pdf

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1、初 升 高 衔 接 情 态五、动词不定式：由t o+动词原形构成，没有人称和数的变化，有时to 可以省略。在句中除了不能做谓语外，能够作其他一切成分。还能拥有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语。1、动词不定式的句法功能：*做主语。常用It+be+形容词+（of/for sb.）+to do sth.结构。of:good,bad,polite,kind,nice,clever,right,careful 等for:important,necessary,difficult,possible,dangerous 等求做表语。常用在等连系动词后面 若主语很长而表语很短，可以将两者颠倒过来。His jo

2、b is to sell the computers.He seems to be interested in the detective stories.*做状语。表目的：She was here to visit her daughter.表原因：Im sorry to trouble you.表结果：The box is too heavy to c a rry.表示程度：This room is big enough to hold 200 people.*做定语。放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，若它与所修饰的名词有动宾关系，这个不定式应为及物的。如：I was the first to

3、come.I have no pens to write with.（动宾关系）*做宾语。常见的动词有：want,agree,choose,try,decide,hope,wish,learn,fail,would like to do sth.*做宾语补足语。1.）必须使用 to 的动词有：ask,tell,order,take,invite,want,wish,follow,wait for,teach,would like,allow sb.to do sth.2.）不能使用to 的动词有：have,make,let;see,watch,hear,notice sb.do sth注意：在

4、主动语态中，t o 要省略；而在被动语态中，t o 必须加上3.）可以使用t。，也可以不用的动词：help*疑 问 词（除 why 外）+动词不定式（what,when,how,where,which+to do sth.）2.下列一些动词后面只能跟动名词（动 词 的-in g 形式）作宾语：enjoy,finish,mind,excuse,practice,keep,miss,spend,cant helpbe busy,be worth,keep on,carry on3.下列一些动词后面可以跟动词不定式也可以跟动名词。1.）意义相同或相近的有：begin,start,like,love,

5、hate,prefer,plan2.）意思不同的有：forget,remember,stop,see,hear,go on4.注意：had better（not）do sth,would rather（not）do sth5.动词不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to主 谓一致一、就近原则：either.or.neither.nor.not only.but also.There/Here be+并列主语.二、意义一致原则：1 .集 体 名 词（class,family等）做主语时，可根据意义判断。His family has moved into a new house.His family

6、 were having supper then.主语是数目、时间、金钱、距离时，动词用单数。2.主语+as well as/with/together with/like/but/except+动词单数。Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall.Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow.3.下列一些不定代词做主语，动词用单数。each,either,neither,something,anything,somebody,anybody 等。4.The+形容词/过去分词+

7、动词复数 The wounded were lcx）ked after well in the hospital.The weak,like the strong,have many friends in the world.5.glasses,trousers,shoes,scissors等单独做主语时，动词用复数，但当它们与a pair of连用时，动词与 pair 的数保持一致。The pair of glasses fits you well.句 子(一)根据句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句一、简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。根据句子的结构，又可分为

8、五种：1、S+V.主 语+不及物动词。2、S+V +O.主 语+及物动词+宾语。3、S+V+P.主 语+连系动词+表语。4、S+V+IO+D O.主 语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。可以转换成：主 语+直接 宾 语+fo r或 to+间接宾语。常见的这类动词有：buy,bring,make,choose,get sth.for sb.teach,give,pass,hand(传递)，show,offer,sell,lend,take,send sth to sb.5、S+V+O+C.主 语+及 物 动 词+宾 语+宾语补足语。二、并列句：常由。r,but,and,so for等词将两个简单句

9、连接，表示转折，递进等关系。三、复合句：包括宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。1、宾语从句 掌握以下内容：*引导宾语从句的引导词；*掌握宾语从句的语序；*掌握宾语从句的时态一致2、状语从句(1)时间状语从句的连词有：when,while,before,after,until(till),since,as soon as 等。时间状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。注意下列几个词的区别：when:*当的时候指一点时间，表示短暂性动作*指一段时间，表示持续性的动作*什么时候引导宾语从句while:*表示持续性的动作或状态*具有对比的含义，意 为“然而”a s:表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生

10、，-般与延续性动词连用.“一边一 边”随着.As we walked,we talked.As time went by,we knew each other better and better.(2)原因状语从句because(因为)，since(既然)，as(由于)，for(因为)(3)条件状语从句if(如 果)unless(除非)在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时.(4)结果状语从句so+形 容 词/副 词+that+句子 such+名 词+that.*such+a(an)+形容词+名词=s o+形容词+a(an)+名词(5)目的状语从句 so that,in order th

11、at,(in order to do sth.so as to do sth)(6)比较状语从句 asas than,not as/so.as.(7)让步状语从句 though,although,even though.3、定语从句：修饰名词或代词的从句，放在名词或代词的后面.通常：名词(人)+who/whom/that+句子 名词(物)+which/that+句子(1)引导非限制性定语从句时,必须用which指物，不 用 that.1 have lost my bag,which I like very much.(2)关系代词在从句中做主语时，从句动词的单复数形式和先行词保持一致.Do y

12、ou know the man who is standing against the door?(3)下列几种情况只能用th at引导宾语从句：*先行词是不定代词 all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything 等,如：All that we have to do is to practise more.There is nothing that I can do for you.*先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，如：The first letter that I got from him is kept well.*先行词被 all,any

13、,every,each,few,little,no,some 等修饰时，如：I have eaten up all the food that you gave me.（4）由 when,where,w h y引导的定语从句I dont know the reason why he was late.This is the place where I have lived for five years.ril never forget the day when I met Mr.Li for the first time.先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的动词是及物的，就用that（which）,

14、如果动词不及物，就用 where 引导.This is the house that he has lived in for five years.This is the house where he has lived for five years.句 子（二）根据句子的功能，可以把句子分为四类：陈 述 句（肯定句和否定句）；疑 问 句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句）；祈使句和感叹句。一、陈述句：1、肯定句 2、否定句：（1）加 n o t构成的否定句（2）由 no,hardly,never,nobody,nothing,little,few 等构成的否定句两者的全部否定用

15、neither或 n o r,部分否定用both+not;三者或三者以上的全部否定用none,nothing,nobody,no one等，部分否定用all,many,every加 not构成。（3）否定前置，常见的动词有：think,believe,suppose二、疑问句 1.一般疑问句：用 y e s或 n o 回答2.特殊疑问句:用疑问词（what,who,whom,whose,which,where,when,how,why 以及它们构成的一些短语）提问的句子。3.选择疑问句：一般疑问句+o r+选择对象 不 能 用 y es或 n o 回答4.反意疑问句：陈述句+简略的一般疑问句。

16、陈述句部分和疑问句部分的肯定、否定形式相反。注意以下一些内容：（1）简略问句的主语和陈述部分保持一致，只能用人称代词（there除外），简略问句的动词也和陈述部分保持一致，如果是否定，要用缩写形式。如：Jin isnt a student,is he?There are some books in it,arent there?（2）陈述部分是 m结构，疑问部分一般用arent y o u,如：Fm late,aren5t I?（3）陈述部分有little,few,no,never,nothing,hardly,nobody等词表示否定时，疑问部分用肯定。（4）祈使句的反意疑问句：祈使句，wi

17、ll you?Let.,shall we?（5）宾语从句的反意疑问句常和主句保持一致，但如果主句是I think/believe/suppose时，疑问部分的主语应和从句保持一致。I dont think he knows it,does he?三、祈使句：表示命令、请求或建议。肯定形式用动词原形.否 定 形 式 用“Dont/Never+动词原形四、感叹句：常由w hat或 how开头What+形容词+名词+主语+动词.What a nice house it is!What fine weather!How+形容词+主语+连系动词。How happy they look!How inter

18、esting the story is!How+副词+主语+实义动词。How happy they are laughing!How+主语+动词 How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!英语总结（三）动词不定式不定式的构成：（1）肯定式：一。+动词原形”（2）否定式：not to+动词原形”或“never to+动词原形”不定式的基本用法：（1）做主语：It is interesting to go boating.划船很好玩。（it是形式主语o go boating才是真正主语。动词不定式作真实主语时，常放在后面。（2）作宾语：I

19、hope to have a holiday on an island.我希望在岛上度假。（3）作宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）：I asked him to show me his new MP3.我叫他给我看看他的 MP3.（4）作表语：To see is to believe.眼见为实。（5）作定语：I have a lot of things to do.我有很多事情做。（6）作状语：He came to see me yesterday.他昨天来看我了。注意：有些动词后要跟不定式，如：agree,arrange（安排），forget,refuse,decide,hope,plan等

20、。有些动词后面的不定式不带to,如使役动词和感官动词make,let,have,hear,see,notice,feel,watch等。help后面的动词可以带t。，也可以不带to。练习：1.学好英语很重要。It is important English well.2.他是最后一个离开的。He is the last.3.一些学生没有通过考试。Some students failed the test.4.他决定和我们去那儿。He decided there with us.（四）动名词动名词的基本用法：（1）做主语：Playing football is my favourite sport

21、.踢足球是我最喜爱的运动。（2）作宾语：She is interested in dancing.她对跳舞感兴趣。（3）作表语：My favourite sport is swimming.我最喜爱的运动是游泳。（4）作定语：He is in the reading room.他在阅览室。注意：有些动词后要跟动名词，如：enjoy,finish,like,suggest,deny（否认），keep等。练习：1 .看电视太多对你的健康有害。too much is bad for your health.2.我的工作是教英语。My work is English.3.这是一根拐杖。This is

22、a stick.4.我很愿意和你们一起工作。I enjoy with you.（五）形容词形容词的用法：形容词用于修饰、说明名词或不定代词，表示人或动物的性质、特征和状态。eg:l.This is a big room.2.1 have a gentle cat.3.He has something important to tell you.4,The mountain is 4000 metres high.5.The old man looks happy.注意：形容词一般放在被它所修饰的词前（如 1,2）,但当它修饰用some,any,every,no等构成的复合不定代词（如 3）或修

23、饰表示长度、宽度和厚度等量度单位（如 4）时须后置。另外，连系动词后须加形容词（如 5）。Exs：l.The meat s me l l s.You*d better throw it away.A.bad,B.badly,C.well D.good2.Lily is a girl,she always does well in her homework.A.care,B.careful C.carefully D.careless3.1 saw）in the picture.A.something interesting,B.interesting something,C.anything

24、interesting D.interesting anything4.Sam is 1.62,he is getting taller and taller.A.metres tall,B.tall metres,C.metres high D.high metres5.The re isnt for all of us.A.enough water B.water enough C.books enough D.enough books6.The room is for us to stay in.A.big enough B.enough big C.enough good D.well

25、 enough注意:enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时应后置。特殊形式的形容词：一般来说，名词加y 变形容词，而以 y 结尾的是副词，只有以下一些单词例外：friendly,lovely,lively,lonely等都是形容词。eg：1 .Its a day(sun,sunly,sunny)2.Shes a woman.(friend,friendy,friendly)注意：其比较级和最高级的变化为：friendlier,friendliest.eg:She is the girl of the four,(love,lovely,loveliest)形容词不同等级的变化规则：不规则变化:构

26、成法原级比较级最高级备注一 般词尾加-er,-est以不发音的e 结尾的单音节词加-r,-sttallnicetailernicertallestnicest以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单音节词，双写结尾辅音字母，再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggest类 似 词 有：fatthin wet hot red辅音字母+y 结尾的词，改 y 为 i,MAO-er,-esteasyeasiereasiest多 音 节 词 在 前 面 加more,mostinterestingmore interestingmost interesting类 似 词 有：carefulinteresti

27、ngbeautifulimportantdelicious等eg：He is much taller than his brother.原级比较级最高级goodbetterbestbad,illworseworstoldolder elder(更年长的)oldest,eldest(最年长的)many,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther,furtherfarthest,furthest注意：比较级前面可加much,far,even,still,a lot,a little,a bit等修饰语Our country is much more beautifu

28、l than before.原级：肯定形式：as+原 级+as（像.一样）否定形式：not+so（as）+原 级+as（不如.那 样）eg:My brother is as tall as me.Pandas are not as dangerous as lions.比较级：不同程度：比较级+than（比）eg:This dress is more beautiful than that one.程度加深：比较级+a n d+比 较 级（越来越）the+比较级，th e+比 较 级（越.就越.）eg:The weather is getting hotter and hotter.The m

29、ore he gets,the more he wants.最高级：th e+最 高 级+of（+数量）/in（+地点范围）（最）eg:The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.Lily is the best girl of the three.Exs:1.Which subject do you l i ke,math,Chinese or English?A.better B.best C.well D.very much2.Guangzhou is one of in China.A.biggest city B.the bi

30、g city C.the biggest cities D.the big city3.You are too fat.You should eat and take exercise.A.less,less B.less,more C.least,more D.more,less4.How is the weather yesterday?-It is terrible.It is get t i ng.A.worst,worst B.better,better C.good,good D.worse,worse5.-T his book is interesting.-Yes.But I

31、think the one with a picture is of all.A.interesting B.more interestingC.the most interesting D.the interesting6.he eats,he gets.A.The more,the fatter B.The more,the faterC.less,fatter D.the less,the fatter7.The old mans hair is snow.A.as whiter as B.so white as C.as white than D.as white as8.Lesson

32、 One is than Lesson Two.A.much difficult B.much more difficultC.more much difficult D.as difficult9.Which is,the cat or the tiger?A.gentle B.gentlest C.gentler D.most gentlelO.This is good boy,all the teachers like him.A.a quite B.quite a C.a too D.so a（六）副词【副词】用来修饰动词、形容词，其他副词等。副词应放在动词后。形容词变副词（1）直接加

33、ly（2）元音e 结尾的，去 e 加 ly（3）辅 音 y 结尾的，改 y 为 i 加 ly（4）以 le结尾的,改 e 为 y练习：()1.The news made us ver y.All of us began t a l k i n g.A.happy,happy B.happy,happilyC.happily,happily D.happily,happier.()2.There is a strange smell in your room.You d better keep the w i n d o w.A.open B.opened C.closes D.closed()

34、3.Jacks brother doesnt work so as Jack.A.harder B.hard C.hardly()4.You_ ever saw compters years ago,but now ther are everywhere.A.sometimes B.almost C.hardly D.hard()5.Please stay here.It,s raining outside.A.hard B.hardly C.heavy(七)介词和连词1.介词的功能介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它

35、词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：The boy over there is Johns brother.(定语)The girl will be back in two hours.(状语)Our English teacher is from Australia.(表语)Help yourself to some fish.(宾语补足语)2.常用介词的用法辨析(1)表时间的介词一at,in on_表示时间点用at。例如：at six oclock,at noon,at midnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨,上午，下午,晚上时,用

36、 in。例如：in the ninettenth century,in 2002,in may,in winter,inthe morning,in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用 on。例如：on Monday,on July 1st,on Sunday morning 等。_since,after_由 since和 after引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但 since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而 after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：_I havent heard

37、 from him since last summer.After five days the boy came back._in,after,in 与将来时态连用时，表 示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：_He will be back in two months.He will arrive after four oclock、He returned after a month.,(2)表示地点的介词一at,in,on_at 一般指小地方；in 一般指

38、大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：_He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.They arrived at a small village before dark.There is a big hole in the wall.The teacher put up a picture on the wall._over,above,on.over,on和 above都可表示“在上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On指两

39、个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：_There is a bridge over the river._We flew above the clouds.They put some flowers on the teachers desk._across,through,across和 through均可表示“从这一边到另一边，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：_The dog ran across the grass.The boy swam across the river._They

40、 walked through the forest.I pushed through the crowds.,in front of,in the front ofin front o f 表 示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；in the front o f 表 示“在的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：_There are some tall trees in front of the building.The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.3,介词的固定搭配一介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关

41、系，才能正确使用介词(1)介词与动词的搭配.listen to,laugh at,get to,look for wait for,hear from,turn on,turn off,worry about,think of,look after,spend.on.,等。_(2)介词与名词的搭配.on time,in time,by bus,on foot,with pleasure,on ones way to,in trouble,at breakfast,at the end of,inthe end 等。_(3)介词与形容词的搭配_be late for,be afraid of,b

42、e good at,be interested in,be angry with,be full of,be sorry for 等。_4,连词的功能.用来连接词，短语，从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。一5.并列连词一并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：_(1)表并列关系的 and,both.and,not only.but also,neithernor 等。_ 表选择关系的or,either.or等。.(3)表转折关系的but,while等。.(4)表因果关系的for,so等6.从属连词.从属连词用来

43、引导从句。常见的从属连词有：_(1)引导时间状语从句的 after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as 等。(2)引导条件状语从句的 if,unless 等。.(3)引导原因状语从句的because,as,since等。.(4)引导目的状语从句的so that,in order that等(5)引导让步状语从句的though,although,even if等(6)引导结果状语从句的 so that,so.that,such.that 等 引导比较状语从句的than,asas等。.(8)引导名词从句的that,if,whether等

44、。_7.常用连词的用法辨析_(1)while,when,as_这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。一1)当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。While,when,a s 都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如：_As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.2)当两个长动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是while。例如：_While mother was cooking lunch,I was doing my homework.,3)当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as。例如

45、：_As children get older,they become more and more interested in things around them.,4)当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示“一边一边”时，最常用aso 例如：_Just as he caught the fly,he gave a loud cry._She looked behind from time to time as she went.5)当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when。例如：_When he finished his work,he took a short rest._6)当从句是瞬间动

46、作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用when。例如：_When John arrived I was cooking lunch._(2)as,because,since,for.这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别。.1)如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如：一I stayed at home because it rained.,一 Why arent you going?,-Because I dont want to._2)如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就 用 as或 sinceo Since比 as稍微正式一点。

47、As和 since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：_As he wasnt ready,we left without him._Since I have no money,I cant buy any food.3)for用来补充说明一种理由，|大 I此，for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如：I decided to stop and have lunch for I was feeling quite hungry.(3)if,whetherif和 whether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如：I wonder whether(

48、if)you still study in that school.I dont know whether(if)he likes that film.在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：1)引导主语从句时。例如：Whether he will come to the party is unknown.2)引导表语从句时。例如：The question is whether I can pass the exam.3)在不定式前。例如：I havent made up my mind whether to go there or not.(4)so.that,such.that1)

49、so.that中的so是个副词,其后只能跟形容词或副 词,而 such.that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：Im so tired that I cant walk any farther.It was such a warm day that he went swimming.2)如果在名词之前有many,much,little,few时,用 so,不用sucho例如：He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.I have had so many falls that I am black and

50、 blue all over.(5)either.or.,neither.nor,not only.but also.这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如：Either you or he is wrong.Neither he nor his children like fish.Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.(6)although,but这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说“Although he isover sixty,