商务英语入门外教社修订.pptx

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1、商务英语入门外教社修订商务英语入门外教社修订Chapter 5生产与运作Production and Operations第1页/共84页lQualityManagement 质量管理Lecture OutlinelWhatIsProductionandOperations?什么是生产与运作？lPlantLocation厂址的选定 lProductionProcesses生产工艺lMaterialsManagement,PurchasingandInventoryControl物料管理、采购、库存控制lControllingProduction:Scheduling 控制生产：制订计划lPro

2、ductivity 生产率lModernProductionTechniques现代生产技术第2页/共84页lHowdoyourparentsoryoumakedumplings?Canyoudescribethewholeprocesshowtoprepare,whatingredientsareneeded,howtomakethefillings,andwhatthestepsarethatleadtothefinalproducts?lHowdotheclothingfactory,restaurant,andbakeryrespectivelyproducetheirproducts

3、?Doestheuniversityalsoproduceitsproducts?Why?Lead-in Activities第3页/共84页First,makethefilling.Youcanchooseyourfavoritemeat,saypork,beef,ormutton,chopitupandmixitwithchoppedvegetables.Meanwhileyouhadbetterputinseasoningssuchassalt,soysauce,pepper,choppedgreenonionandgingertogetyourfavoriteflavor.Stirth

4、eingredientsinacontainerwelltomakethemevenlymixed.AdditionalAdditional Info InfoLead-in Activitiesl How to Make Dumplings?第4页/共84页Second,makethedough.Youshouldmeasureyourwheatflourtogowiththefilling,putitinacontainer,pourwaterhitbybit,stirittomakeitsticky,thenletitrestforabout20minutes.Afterthatyouc

5、ancutpartofthedoughandputitonboard,kneaditandcutitintosmallpieces.Youpresseachpiecewiththepalmofyourhandslightlyandthenrollitwitharollingpinintoaroundpiece.AdditionalAdditional Info InfoLead-in Activitiesl How to Make Dumplings?第5页/共84页Finallycomesthestageoffoldingthedoughtomakedumplings.Youshouldho

6、ldadoughpiecehorizontallyinyourlefthand,putasuitableamountoffillingontothecentralpart,foldthesidearoundthefilling,presstheupper-centralpartofitfirmlyandmakefirmandnicelacefromlefttorightaroundthefoldedgetomakeyourfinishedproductbetter-lookingandfreefromleakage.AdditionalAdditional Info InfoLead-in A

7、ctivitiesl How to Make Dumplings?第6页/共84页Introduction of POM Production and operations management(POM)isthemanagementofanorganizationsproductionsystem.Aproduction system takesinputsandconvertsthemintooutputs.Theconversion process isthepredominantactivityofaproductionsystem.Theprimaryconcernofanopera

8、tions manager istheactivitiesoftheconversionprocess.AdditionalAdditional Info Info第7页/共84页What Is Production and Operations?l Production Productionistheprocessoftransforminginputssuchasrawmaterialsintooutputssuchasgoodsandservices.Productionisnotlimitedtothemanufactureofgoods;itappliestoboththeservi

9、ceandthemanufacturingsectorsoftheeconomy.第8页/共84页l Manufacturingl Operations Manufacturingmeansmakinggoodsbyhandorwithmachineryasopposedtoextractingthingsfromtheearth(mining,fishing);servicesarenotmanufactured.Operationsarethefunctionsneededtokeepthecompanyproducing,literallyanyfunctionorseriesoffun

10、ctionsintroducedtocarryoutastrategicplan.What Is Production and Operations?第9页/共84页l Production ProcessProductionprocessinvolvesthreephases:(1)input,(2)transformation,and(3)output.What Is Production and Operations?第10页/共84页l InputsTheinputsarethoseresourcesthatwillbeneededtoproducethedesiredgoodsors

11、ervices.Inputsmaterial inputshuman inputsother input considerationsWhat Is Production and Operations?第11页/共84页l TransformationTransformationconsistsofthoseproductionactivitiesthattaketheinputsandcombinetheminsomespecialwaytoproducetheoutput.What Is Production and Operations?第12页/共84页l OutputTheoutpu

12、tisthefinalresultoftheproductionprocess.What Is Production and Operations?第13页/共84页Inwhatwaymighttheproductionprocessformanufacturingautomobilebesimilartothatformakingtelevisionsets?Doallproductionprocesseshavethesamethreephasesofinput,transformation,andoutput?Explainusingexamples.l Questions for Di

13、scussionWhat Is Production and Operations?第14页/共84页Plant LocationMostcompanieswillchooseasitebasedonsuchimportantfactorsas:lCustomerlocationlSourceofrawmaterialslLaborsupplylPowerandwaterlCommunityenvironment第15页/共84页l Customer LocationFirmsthatmustlocateclosetotheircustomersare:thoseproducingperish

14、ableitemslikebreadandcake;thoseinindustrieswherecompetitiveadvantagedependsonrapiddelivery;thosethatsellheavyorbulkyproducts,suchasbricksorautomobiles.Plant Location第16页/共84页l Source of Raw Materials Steelmillsplacetheirplantsneartheirsourceofrawmaterials.Firmsinthefood-canningbusinesslocatenearthei

15、rrawmaterialsbecauseoftheperishabilityfactor.Plant Location第17页/共84页l Labor Supply Allproductionoperationsrequiresomemanpower.Firmsshouldlocatetheirfacilitiesatleastwithincommutingdistanceofthepeoplewhowillsupplyit.Thisisespeciallyimportantinthecaseofthosecompaniesthatneedhighlyskilledpeople.Plant L

16、ocation第18页/共84页l Power and Water Somefirmssuchasaluminum,chemical,andfertilizercompaniesmustlocateinareashavingsufficientpowertomeettheirneeds.Other firms require a location near water,suchascompaniesthatmakepaper.Plant Location第19页/共84页l Community Environment Inplantlocationthecompanyalsoneedstolo

17、okattheservicesavailableinthecommunity.Somecitiesandtownswillofferlowtaxes.Othersofferfineeducationalsystemsandcomfortablelivingconditions,suchascleanair,cleanwater,andalowcostofliving.Andsomewillprovidespecialservicestoabusinessthatwilllocatethere,suchasextendingthecitywaterandseweragelinesouttothe

18、plantforfree.Plant Location第20页/共84页Whenwouldyouexpectafirmtosetupitsplantclosetoitscustomers?Doallcompanieslocateneartheirsourceofrawmaterials?Whyorwhynot?Ofthefivefactorslistedinthissection,whichismostimportantinchoosingtheplantlocation?Plant Locationl Questions for Discussion第21页/共84页Production P

19、rocessesThereareseveraldifferentprocessesthatmanufacturersusetoproducegoods.Themanufacturing process meansphysicallyorchemicallychangestomaterials.Theassembly process putstogethercomponentstomakeaproduct.Thesetwoprocessesarecalledsynthetic systems.第22页/共84页l Synthetic Process Thesyntheticprocesseith

20、erconvertsrawmaterialsintootherproducts(manufacturingprocess)orcombinerawmaterialsorpartsintoafinishedproduct(assemblyprocess).lAnalytic ProcessAnanalyticprocessbreaksdownrawmaterialsintocomponentstoextractotherproducts.Production Processes第23页/共84页lContinuous ProcessAcontinuousprocess(连续性加工)isonein

21、whichmassiveproductioniscarriedoutovertime.Itisaflowproductionmethodusedtomanufacture,produce,orprocessmaterialswithoutinterruption.Productionworkersincontinuousproductioncommonlyworkinrotatingshifts.Production ProcessesProductionprocessesareeithercontinuousorintermittent.第24页/共84页l Intermittent Pro

22、cess Anintermittentproductionprocessusesthecustomersorderstoproducegoods.Theprocessisnotcontinuous.Manufacturersofcustom-designed(为用户定制的)furniturewoulduseanintermittentprocess.Computers,robots,andflexiblemanufacturingprocessesallowfirmstoturnoutcustom-madegoods.Production Processes第25页/共84页Canyouexp

23、lainthedifferencesamongthefollowingconcepts:manufacturingprocess,assemblyprocess,analyticprocess,continuousprocess,andintermittentprocess?Giveexamplestoillustratetheproductionprocesses.l Questions for DiscussionProduction Processes第26页/共84页l Materials ManagementMaterialsareinputstoproductionormanufa

24、cturing.Materials requirements planning(MRP)isacomputer-basedsystemthatusessalesforecaststomakesurethatneededpartsandmaterialsareavailableattherightplaceandtherighttime.Material,Purchasing and Inventory Control第27页/共84页l Materials ManagementMRP II,anadvancedversionofMRPthatallowsplantstoincludeallth

25、eresourcesinvolvedintheefficientmakingofaproduct,includingprojectedsales,personnel,plantcapacity,anddistributionlimitations.MRPIIiscalled,incontrast,manufacturing resource planning(制造资源计划)becausetheplanninginvolvesmorethanjustmaterialrequirements.Material,Purchasing and Inventory Control第28页/共84页l M

26、aterials ManagementEnterprise resource planning(ERP)(企业资源计划),thelatestversionofMRP,isacomputer-basedproductionandoperationssystemthatlinksmultiplefirmsintooneintegratedproductionunit.ERPismuchmoresophisticatedthanMRPIIbecauseitmonitorsprocessesinmultiplefirmsatthesametime.Material,Purchasing and Inv

27、entory Control第29页/共84页l Materials ManagementSuchprogramswilllinksuppliers,manufacturers,andretailersinacompletelyintegratedmanufacturinganddistributionsystemthatwillbeconstantlymonitoredforthesmoothflowofgoodsfromthetimethattheyareorderedtothetimetheyreachtheultimateconsumer.Material,Purchasing and

28、 Inventory Control第30页/共84页l PurchasingPurchasingisthefunctioninthecompanythatsearchesforqualitymaterialresources,locatesthebestsuppliers,andnegotiatesthebestpriceforqualitygoodsandservices.Therelationshipbetweensuppliersandmanufacturersismuchcloser,withsuppliersoftenlocatingtheirfacilitiesnearthema

29、nufacturer.Material,Purchasing and Inventory Control第31页/共84页l PurchasingThepurchasingdepartmentisresponsibleforlocatingsuchsuppliers,negotiatinglong-termcontractswiththemwiththebestprice.Material,Purchasing and Inventory Control第32页/共84页l Inventory ControlInventoryreferstoalistofgoodsandmaterialshe

30、ldavailableinstock.Manufacturingorganizationsusuallydividetheirinventoryintothreeparts:Materialsandcomponentsscheduledforuseinmakingaproduct;Materialsandcomponentsthathavebeguntheirtransformationtofinishedproducts;Finishedproductsthatarereadyforsaletocustomers.Material,Purchasing and Inventory Contr

31、ol第33页/共84页Onemajorcostofproductionisholdingparts,motors,andotheritemsinwarehouses.Tocutsuchcosts,theJapaneseimplementedaconceptcalledjust-in-time(JIT)inventory control.Theideaistohavesuppliersdelivertheirproducts“justintime”togoontheassemblyline.Aminimumofinventoryiskeptonthepremises.Material,Purch

32、asing and Inventory Controll Inventory Control第34页/共84页l Inventory ControlHowJITworks?AmanufacturersetsaproductionscheduleusingERPanddetermineswhatpartsandsupplieswillbeneeded.Ittheninformsitssuppliersofwhatwillbeneeded.Thesuppliersmustdeliverthegoodsjustintimetogoontheassemblyline.Abareminimummustb

33、ekeptinstoragejustincasethedeliveryisheldupforsomereason.Material,Purchasing and Inventory Control第35页/共84页The latest version JIT II:thereismuchmoresharingofinformation.Anemployeefromthesuppliermayworkfull-timeatthebuyersplanthandlingthesmoothflowofmaterials.ERP and JITsystemsmakesuretherightmateria

34、lsareattherightplace,attherighttime,andatthelowestcosttomeetbothcustomerandproductionneeds.Material,Purchasing and Inventory Controll Inventory Control第36页/共84页Whatisenterpriseresourceplanning?WhatareitsadvantagescomparedtoMRPandMRPII?Describesomeadvantagesanddisadvantagesofjust-in-timeinventorycont

35、rol.Howwouldyou,asamanagerinalargefirmwithmanyplants,implementaJITsystem?l Questions for DiscussionMaterial,Purchasing and Inventory Control第37页/共84页Ascheduleisarepresentationofthetimenecessarytocarryoutaparticulartask.Ajob schedule showstheplanforaparticularjob.Itiscreatedthroughreviewswhichdetermi

36、nethemethodandtimerequired.Controlling Production:Scheduling第38页/共84页Schedulingcanhaveamajorimpactontheproductivityofaprocess.Thepurposeofschedulingistominimizetheproductiontimeandcosts,bytellingaproductionfacilitywhattomake,when,withwhichstaff,andonwhichequipment.A master production schedule(总生产进度)

37、willshowwhenthemanagerplanstoproduceeachproductandinwhatquantities.Controlling Production:Scheduling第39页/共84页Inpreparingaproductionschedule,attentionneedstobepaidto:deliverydates(whenfinishedproductsaredue);jobschedulesforeachrelevantproductiontask;capacitiesofproductionsectionsordepartmentsinvolved

38、;efficiencyoftheseproductionsectionsordepartments;plannedholidays.anticipatedsickness/absenteeism/training;availabilityofrawmaterials,componentsandpackaging.Controlling Production:Schedulingl Scheduling第40页/共84页PERTisamethodforanalyzingthetasksinvolvedincompletingagivenproject,estimatingthetimeneede

39、dtocompleteeachtask,andidentifyingtheminimumtimeneededtocompletethetotalproject.Controlling Production:Schedulingl PERT Charts第41页/共84页ThestepsinvolvedinusingPERTare:analyzingandsequencingtasksthatneedtobedone;estimatingthetimeneededtocompleteeachtask;drawingaPERTnetworkillustratingtheinformationfro

40、mthefirsttwosteps;identifyingthecriticalpath.Controlling Production:Schedulingl PERT Charts第42页/共84页Thecritical path(关键路线)isthesequenceoftasksthattakesthelongesttimetocomplete.Thiswordcriticalisusedinthistermbecauseadelayinthetimeneededtocompletethispathwouldcausetheprojectorproductionlinetobelate.C

41、ontrolling Production:Schedulingl PERT Charts第43页/共84页Controlling Production:Schedulingl PERT Charts第44页/共84页Theminimumamountoftimeitwilltaketoproducethisvideois15weeks.Tocalculatethatnumber,youaddtheweekittakestopickastarandasong,tothefourweekstodesignaset,thetwoweekstopurchasesetmaterials,thesixwe

42、ekstoconstructtheset,theweekbeforerehearsals,andthefinalweekwhenthevideoismade.Thatsthecriticalpath.Controlling Production:Schedulingl PERT ChartsAdditionalAdditional Info Info第45页/共84页Anydelayinthatprocesswilldelaythefinalvideo.Delaysinotherprocesses(e.g.,selectionandchoreographingdancersandcostume

43、design)wouldntnecessarilydelaythevideobecausetherearemoreweeksinthecriticalpaththanareneededforthoseprocesses.Controlling Production:Schedulingl PERT ChartsAdditionalAdditional Info Info第46页/共84页Whatshouldyoutakeintoconsiderationwhenyouprepareaproductionschedule?DrawaPERTchartformakingabreakfastofth

44、ree-minuteeggs,butteredtoast,andcoffee.Whichprocesswouldbethecriticalpath,thelongestprocess?DevelopaPERTchartthatdepictsyourplansforacollegeeducation.Whateventsshouldbenoted?l Questions for DiscussionControlling Production:Scheduling第47页/共84页Flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)aretotallyautomatedprod

45、uctioncentersthatincluderobots,automaticmaterialshandlingequipment,andcomputer-controlledmachinetoolsthatcanperformavarietyoffunctionstoproducedifferentproducts.AsuccessfulexampleistheNationalBicycleIndustrialCo.,asubsidiaryofJapaneseelectronicgiantMatsushita.Modern Production Techniquesl Flexible M

46、anufacturing Systems第48页/共84页Modern Production Techniquesl Flexible Manufacturing SystemsAdditionalAdditional Info Info第49页/共84页Modern Production Techniquesl Flexible Manufacturing SystemsAdditionalAdditional Info Info第50页/共84页Computer-aided design(CAD)istheuseofcomputertechnologytoaidinthedesignand

47、drafting(draftinginvolvestheproductionoftechnicalorengineeringdrawingsandistheindustrialartssub-disciplinethatunderliestechnicalendeavors)ofapracticalproductorartisticcreation.Itallowsdesignerstoworkin3D.Modern Production Techniquesl Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing第51页/共84页Computer-aided man

48、ufacturing(CAM)istheuseofcomputersoftwaretocontrolmachinetoolsandrelatedmachineryinthemanufacturingofworkpieces.CAMmayalsorefertotheuseofacomputertoassistinalloperationsofamanufacturingplant,includingplanning,management,transportationandstorage.Modern Production Techniquesl Computer-aided Design and

49、 Manufacturing第52页/共84页Benefits:CAD/CAMmakesitpossibletocustom-designproductstomeettheneedsofsmallmarketswithverylittleincreaseincost.CADhasdoubledproductivityinmanyfirms.Modern Production Techniquesl Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing第53页/共84页Computer-integrated manufacturing(CIM)(计算机集成制造)isto

50、designnewsoftwareprogramstouniteCADwithCAM.Itisthemanufacturingapproachofusingcomputerstocontroltheentireproductionprocess.Throughtheintegrationofcomputers,manufacturingcanbefasterandlesserror-prone,althoughthemainadvantageistheabilitytocreateautomatedmanufacturingprocesses.Modern Production Techniq