法律英语的文体特征bezx.pptx

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1、法律英语的文体特点法律英语法律英语是指普通法国家以普通英语为基础，在立法和司法过程中逐渐形成的、具有规约性的语言变体。它包括规范性法律文件用语以及法律工作者在执法过程中使用的一整套规范化的法律公务用语。法律英语的文体特点准确性accuracy严谨性conscientiousness庄重性decency不宜使用修辞手法和文学笔调inappropriate to use rhetorical devices and literary tone词汇特点选词庄重、正式choose of words solemn,formal古语、借词较多archaisms and loanwords are more

2、术语繁多many terms近义词成对使用synonyms in pairs情态动词使用频率高modal verbs of high frequency指代明确refer specifically名词性短语居多mostly noun phrases选词庄重、正式选词庄重、正式This Law is enacted for the purpose of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties to contracts,maintaining the socio-economic order and promoti

3、ng the socialist modernization.enact-make,maintain-keep,promote-speed up为了保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化建设，制定本法。词汇特点古语、借词较多古语、借词较多古语hereby-by this meansherein-in thishereof-of or concerning thishereto-to thishereinafter-after thisthereafter-after that,accordinglywhereby-through,by that 借词拉丁语：in per

4、sonam对人的，属人的，in rem对物的法语：bar律师界,suit案件,plaintiff原告,indictment起诉，jury陪审团词汇特点术语繁多plaintiff原告defendant被告appellant上诉方appellee被上诉方prosecutor公诉人opinion判决书jury陪审团词汇特点近义词成对使用rights and interests权益terms and conditions条款complete and final understanding全部和最终的理解customs fees and duties关税loss of and damage to灭失和损

5、坏null and void无效sign and issue签发furnish and provide提供rules and regulations规章last will and testament遗嘱as and when当的时候上述成对近义词以作为习惯用语使用，这些词组都表示固定的意义，用于写作和翻译时不能随便拆开。词汇特点情态动词使用频率高情态动词使用频率高应当应当shall,must,shall比比must语气强语气强The present Charter shall be ratified by the signatory states in accordance with thei

6、r respective constitutional processes.本宪章的批准应当按照签署国各自宪法程序进行。The insurance must be issued irrespective of percentage.保险不得按百分比支付。不得，禁止不得，禁止shall not,may not，前者语气强于后者，前者语气强于后者The provisions of this Article shall not apply to the operation of aircraft in the transit,but shall apply to the air transit of

7、 goods.本条款不适用于过境营运的飞机的规定，但应适用于过境的航空货物。As a general rule,a treaty may not impose obligations or confer rights on third parties without their consent.作为一般规则，条约不得在未经第三方同意的情况下，为其设定义务或授予权利。可以可以mayIn order to offset or prevent dumping,a contracting party may levy on any dumped product an anti-dumping duty

8、 not greater in amount than the margin of dumping in respect of such product.为了抵消或防止倾销，一缔约国对倾销产品征收的反倾销税的幅度不能比的上述倾销产品的利润高。词汇特点指代明确指代明确由于人称代词常表示作者的主观性并且容易造成混淆，为了确切说明“谁”、“什么”的概念，法律英语中往往宁可重复使用名词也不用代词。The seller shall not be held responsible for any delay in delivery or non-delivery of the goods due to F

9、orce Majeure.However,the seller shall advise the buyer immediately of such occurrence and within fourteen days thereafter,shall send by airmail to the buyer a certificate issued by the competent government authorities of the place where the accident has occurred as evidence thereof.Under such circum

10、stances the seller,however,is still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods.In case the accident lasts for more than 10 weeks,the buyer shall have the right to cancel this contract.由于不可抗力而卖方交货延迟或不能交货时，责任不在卖方。但卖方应立即将情况电告买方，并于事故发生后14日内将事故发生地政府主管机关签发的事故证明

11、书用空邮快件寄交买方为证，并取得买方认可。在上述情况下，卖方仍有义务采取一切必要措施从速交货的责任。如果事故持续超过十个星期，买方有权撤销本合同。该合同条款中没有使用一个指示代词或不定代词，而是重复所指的名词。法律英语中常用the said或the same加上一个名词来指代前面提到的名词，可译为“上述的”，“该”。If any disagreement arises,the said treaty shall be applied.如有争议，可适用该条约。No one may engage in securities business without out approval of the

12、same authority.未经国务院证券监督管理机构批准，不得经营证券业务。it 在法律英语中除用作形式主语，形式宾语外，一般少用。We have deemed it more expeditious to have the parties in advance of the trail.我们认为在审判之前让双方交换各自要求的书面文件。词汇特点名词性短语居多名词性短语居多用名词主语或宾语的中心词，便于使用丰富的限定和修饰成分，相比之下，动词词组无论在使用数量和结构的复杂性程度上都不及名词词组。在法律英语中，名词和名词性词组的频繁使用满足了法律英语的严密性要求Nothing containe

13、d in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter;but this principle shall not prejudice the application o

14、f enforcement measures under Chapter VII.本宪章不得认为授权联合国干涉在本质上属于任何国家国内管辖之事件，且并不要求会员国将该项事件依本宪章提请解决；但此项原则不妨碍第七章内执行办法之适用。句子特点结构完整structural integrity陈述句为基本句式declarative sentence as the basic sentence patterns长句较多long sentences are more使用被动句the use of passive sentences使用列条法和平行结构the use of enumerative appro

15、ach and parallel structure使用插入语the use of parenthesis结构完整结构完整“Invention”in the Patent Law means any new technical solution relating to a product,a process or an improvement thereof.“Utility Model”in the Patent Law means any new technical solution relating to the shape,the structure,or their combinat

16、ion,of a product,which is fit for practical use.“Design”in the Patent Law means any new design of the shape,pattern,color,or their combination,of a product,which creates an aesthetic feeling and is fit for industrial application.专利法所称发明，是指对产品、方法或者其改进所提出的新的技术方案。专利法所称实用新型，是指对产品的形状、构造或者其结合所提出的适于实用的新的技术

17、方案。专利法所称外观设计，是指对产品的形状、图案或者其结合以及色彩与形状、图案的结合所作出的富有美感并适于工业应用的新设计。句子特点陈述句为基本句式The Arbitration Commission has one honorary Chairman and several advisers.仲裁委员会有一个名誉主席和几个顾问。All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter,and shall ref

18、rain from give assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.各会员国对于联合国依本宪章规定而采取之行动，应尽力予以协助，联合国对于任何国家正在采取防止或执行行动时，各会员国对该国不得给予协助。句子特点 长句较多长句较多Any clause,covenant or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship from liabilit

19、y for loss or damage to or in connection with goods arising from negligence,fault or failure in the duties and obligations provided in this Article or lessening such liability otherwise than as provided in these Rules,shall be null and void and of no effect.运输合同中的任何条款、约定或协议，凡是解除承运人或船舶对由于疏忽、过失或未履行本条规

20、定的责任和义务，因而引起货物或关于货物的灭失或损害的责任的，或以下同于本公约的规定减轻这种责任的，则一律无效。After the goods are loaded the bill of lading to be issued by the carrier,master or agent of the carrier,to the shipper shall,if the shipper so demands,be a shipped bill of lading,provided that if the shipper shall have previously taken up any d

21、ocument of title to such goods,he shall surrender the same as against the issue of the shipped bill of lading,but at the option of the carrier such document of title may be noted at the port of shipment by the carrier,master,or agent with the name or names of the ship or ships upon which the goods h

22、ave been shipped and the date or dates of shipment,and when so noted the same shall for the purpose of this Article be deemed to constitute a shipped bill of lading.货物装船后，如果托运人要求，签发“已装船”提单，承运人、船长或承运人的代理人签发给托运人的提单，应为“已装船”提单，如果托运人事先已取得这种货物的物权单据，应交还这种单据，换取“已装船”提单。但是，也可以根据承运人的决定，在装货港由承运人、船长或其代理人在上述物权单据上

23、注明装货船名和装船日期。经过这样注明的上述单据，如果载有本章所指项目，即应成为本条所指的“已装船”提单。句子特点使用被动句The prisoner was sentenced to three years imprisonment.这个囚犯被判三年徒刑。These Rules are formulated in accordance with the Arbitration Law of the Peoples Republic of China and the provisions of the relevant laws and根据中华人民共和国仲裁法和有关的法律以及,制定本规则。Civi

24、l actions generally are brought for breach of a contract,or for a wrong or tort.民事诉讼通常是由违约、错误行为或侵权引起的。句子特点使用列条法和平行结构Negotiations shall be conducted on a basis which affords adequate opportunity to take into account:(a)the needs of individual contracting parties and individual industries;(b)the needs

25、 of less-developed countries for amore flexible use of tariff protection to assist their economic development and the special needs of these countries to maintain tariffs for revenue purposes;and(c)all other relevant circumstances,including the fiscal,developmental,strategic and other needs of the c

26、ontracting parties concerned.谈判应在提供考虑下列内容的充分机会基础上进行：(1)各缔约方和各产业的需要；(2)欠发达国家为帮助其经济发展而更灵活地使用关税保护的需要，及这些国家为财政收入目的而维持关税的特殊需要；以及(3)所有其他有关情况，包括有关缔约方的财政、发展、战略和其他需要。句子特点使用插入语The seller must,subject to the provisions of B5,bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been del

27、ivered in accordance with A4.除B5规定者外，卖方必须承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，直至已经按照A4规定交货为止。句子特点现代法律英语发展规律传统的书面法律语言通常注重庄重性和严谨性的特点，但在简明英语运动的影响下现代法律语言却越来越崇尚语言的平易性、简约性，力求用不多的笔墨言简意赅地表述内容，使各种条令、法规能够准确地得到理解和执行。力求简单、直白是现代法律英语总的发展趋势。19条“金科玉律”金科玉律1Use an average of 25 words per sentence.每个句子的平均用词最好为25个左右。金科玉律2Avoid putting too m

28、any messages in a single sentence.一个句子中不要试图包含太多信息。金科玉律3 Put more of your messages at the subject-predicate position.使最重要的信息在句子的主语动词结构中出现。金科玉律4For variety or emphasis,invert your sentences.适当使用倒装句，以突出强调，或使句式有所变化。金科玉律5Use the art of subordination to smooth out choppiness.使用从属结构合并句子，以免句子过于琐碎。金科玉律6Avoid

29、 disrupting your sentences with thought-stopping gaps.在句子中间尽量不要插入使思想中断的短语，以保持意义的连贯。金科玉律7Watch out for the rule of parallel construction.适当、正确地使用平行结构金科玉律8Tabulate particular complex information.对特别复杂的信息须进行列举说明。金科玉律9Hammer home your point with the powerful,versatile verb.使用生动有力、内涵丰富的动词，以便把意思表达明白。金科玉律1

30、0Use the verb to be only when you mean it.尽量少用动词“to be”结构，除非非用不可。金科玉律11Get rid of compound prepositions.尽可能不用复合介词。复合介词由两个或两个以上单词组成，例如：according to，because of，ahead of，in front of，on account of等等。注意：不管复合介词由几个单词组成，但末尾一个单词必须是介词。金科玉律12Cut adjective,adverb,and noun clauses to other structures satisfying

31、the same function.尽量把定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句简化成其他结构，来表达同样目的。金科玉律13Prefer the active voice,but use the passive to satisfy certain objectives concerning the identity or placement of the actor or the recipient.尽可能使用主动语态，但在需要区分动作的执行者或接受者并使其突出时，可使用被动语态。金科玉律14Favor short words over long,fancy words.尽可能使用短小的词金科玉律1

32、5Use concrete words to paint vivid images in your readers mind.尽量使用具体词汇，以给人留下深刻印象。金科玉律16Use modification to trim down the fat in your language.写作后进行必要的删改，以使语言简明扼要。金科玉律17Use phrases to smooth out the choppy noun-noun modifier.可以使用短语修饰，以免过多的名词修饰。金科玉律18Do not use too many negative expressions.不要使用过多的否定

33、表达。金科玉律19Be fair and nonsexist,but dont be stupid.行文不要带性别偏向，但也不要做的过头甚至好笑。参考书目伯纳德施瓦茨，美国法律史，中国政法大学出版社，1990年版潘维大等编:英美法导读,法律出版社2000年版戴维S克拉克，美国法律概论，中信出版社，2003年版麦克尔H格莱姆，联邦证据法（美国法精要），法律出版社，1999年版杰罗德H以兹瑞等，刑事程序法（美国法精要），法律出版社，1999年版民事程序法（美国法精要），法律出版社，1999年版侵权法（美国法精要），法律出版社，1999年版克劳德D柔沃，乔登D沙博，合同法（美国法精要），法律出版社，1999年版罗伯特W汉密尔顿，公司法（美国法精要），法律出版社，1999年版