无机化学无机化学英文PPT (24).ppt

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1、Oxygebgroup(VIA)：OSSeTePoOxidationstates：-2,(-1)2222,64,64,64,6Outermostelectronconfiguration：ns2np41.OverviewofOxygen-groupElements(know)SeTe13.2ElementsofoxygengroupVIA:elementsS,Se,andTeSulfur(S8)Selenium(Se8)Tellurium(Te)paramagnetism2.Oxygenanditscompounds(grasp)1.Oxygen(O2)Electronicarrangemen

2、t：OO(2px)2(2py)2(2py*)1(2pz)2(2pz*)1a bondThree-electron bondThree-electron bondOOorO2molecularmagneticmomentm=BM=2.83 BMn(n+2)BMAlkaline：OOAcidic：(strongoxidizability)0.401V=E4OH4eO2HO-22+1.229V=EO2H4e4HO2-2+(2)thepropertiesandusesofO2colorlessgas,blue(liquidorsolid),hydratesinwaterOxidizability(O2

3、/H2O)=+1.23V,(O2/OH-)=+0.40V，O2+NH3H2O+N2orNOFeFe3O4,FeO,Fe2O3SSO2(g)H2S SorSO2(g)HII2CH4CO2、CO或或CCoordinationThehemeHbinhumanhemoglobinisacomplexformedbyFe(II)andporphyrinderivatives,whichhasthefunctionofcomplexingwithO2:HbFe(II)+O2=HbFe(II)O22.Ozone(O3)：anallotropeofO2structure：O:sp2hybridBondangl

4、e:117o=1.810-3Cm,uniquepolarelementProperties：(1)Unstable(2)OxidizabilityAcidic：Alkaline：Stratasphere(2040km):O30.2ppm,absorb5%ofUV。3.Hydrogenperoxide(H2O2)Properties:(1)Weakacidity(2)UnstabilityStructure:eachoxygenatomisconnected with a hydrogenatom,two hydrogen atomsand one oxygen atom dontexiston

5、thesameplane.Peroxy：-O-O-Inthegaseousstate,twohydrogenatomsappearsimlalrlyontwopagesofahalf-openedbook,itsangleis93 51,theoxygenatomexistsonthegapofthebook,itsbondangle(OOH)is96 52,thebondlengthsofO-OandO-Hare148pmand95pm,respectively.unequalsp3hybridizationThestructureofhydrogenperoxidePropertiesan

6、dapplicationsofhydrogenperoxideThebondenergyoftheperoxybondintheperoxy-O-O-issmall,leadingtounstableandeasydecompose：whichmainlymanifeststhermalinstability,strongoxidizability,weakreduction,andveryweakacidity.Pure H2O2 is stable in the dark at low temperature.Itdecomposesslowlyatroomtemperature,bute

7、xplodesat153.Whichdecomposesquicklyinalkalinemedia;traceimpuritiesorheavymetalions(Fe3+,Mn2+,Cr3+,Cu2+),MnO2,etc.,androughactive surfaces can accelerate its decomposition.In order topreventitsdecomposition,itisusuallystoredinasmoothplasticbottleorbrownglassbottleinacoolplace.Ifyoucanaddsomestabilize

8、rs,such as a small amount of sodium stannate,sodiumpyrophosphate,and8-hydroxyquine,theeffectisbetter.2H2O2(l)=2H2O(1)+O2(g)rHm=-196.06kJmol-1(1)Instability(2)Weakacid:Alitterbitmorethanwater(3)oxidation-reductionqualityAcidmedium：H2O2+2H+2e-2H2O =1.763VO22H+2e-H2O2=0.695VAlkalinemedium：HO2-+H2O+2e-3

9、OH-=0.867VO2+H2O+2e-HO2-+OH-=-0.076VForexample：H2O2+2I+2H+=I2+2H2OPbS+4H2O2=PbSO4+4H2O2CrO2+3H2O2+2OH=2CrO42-+4H2OCl2+2H2O2=2HCl+O22KMnO4+5H2O2+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+2K2SO4+8H2O+5O2(4)PreparationofhydrogenperoxideInthelaboratory,hydrogenperoxidecanbepreparedbyreactingcolddilutesulfuricacidordilutehydrochlor

10、icacidwithsodiumperoxide:Na2O2+H2SO4+l0H2ONa2SO410H2O+H2O2Therearecurrentlytwomainmethodsforpreparinghydrogenperoxideinindustry：electrolysismethodandanthraquinone。LowtemperatureElectrolysismethod：Firstelectrolyzesaturatedammoniumbisulfatesolutiontoprepareammoniumperoxodisulfate:(NH4)2S2O8+2H2O2NH4HS

11、O4+H2O2Thenaddproperamountofdilutesulfuricacidtohydrolyzeammoniumperoxodisulfatetoobtainhydrogenperoxide：2NH4HSO4(NH4)2S2O8+H2(anode)(cathode)Theanthraquinonemethod：UsingH2andO2asrawmaterials,itcangenerate hydrogen peroxide through 2-ethylanthraquinone andpalladium(Pd)catalyst among organic solvents

12、.The reaction is asfollows：H2+O2H2O22-ethylanthraquinonePdComparedwiththeelectrolysismethod,theanthraquinonemethodhaslowenergyconsumption,theoxygenusedistakenfromtheair,andethylanthraquinone can be reused,so this method is widely appliedHowever,theuseofelectrolysisisnotrejectedatlowelectricityprices

13、.TheuseofH2O2ismainlybasedonitsoxidizability.Dilute(3%)and30%hydrogen peroxide solutions are commonly used oxidants inlaboratories.Atpresent,morethanhalfoftheH2O2producedisusedasableachingagentforpaperpulp,fabrics,leather,grease,ivoryandcomposites.Inchemicalproduction,H2O2isusedtoprepareperoxides(su

14、chassodiumperborate,peraceticacid,etc.),drugs,epoxides,andhydroquinone.Featuresandadvantages：(5)Oxidation-reductionpropertiesAcidicconditions：Alkalinecondition：(1)ItsproductareH2OandOH-withoutotherions.(2)Itiseasytodecompose,soitmustbestoredawayfrom light and impurities and not be used afterexpiration.(3)The medical concentration is 3%,too high aconcentrationwillcausecertaindamagetotheskin.(4)Strongoxidizability(acid),weakreducibility