无机化学无机化学英文PPT (27).ppt

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1、1.d-block elemental commonality Including B-,B,and B(1)The valence shell configuration of the atom (n-1)d1-10ns1-2First transition system:The Fourth period from scandium(Sc)to zinc(Zn).Second transition system:The Fifth period from yttrium(Y)to cadmium(Cd)Third transition system:The sixth period fro

2、m lutetium(Lu)to mercury(Hg)14.1 Overview of d-block elementsreturnScandium(Sc)Titanium(Ti)Nickel(Ni)Cobalt(Co)Iron(Fe)Chromium(Cr)Manganese(Mn)Vanadium(V)Copper(Cu)First Transition Metal2.Physical properties(1)High melting and boiling points the highest melting point:Tungsten(3387)(2)High hardness

3、The hardest metal:Chromium(Moh hardness 9)(3)Large density The densest substance:Osmium(22.48)(4)The best conductivity Silver,Copper,gold,and Aluminum(5)Excellent thermal conductivity and ductilityDiagram of melting point tendenciesDiagram of density tendencies3.Chemical properties(1)Elements of the

4、 first transition system are more active than those of the second transition system.Because of the formation of oxide film on the surface of the second and third transition system elements,its chemical inertness is increased.(2)Easy to form intermittent alloy Nonmetallic atoms with small atomic mass

5、 of N,B,and C are squeezed in the lattice gap of the metallic lattice.The melting point of this kind of alloy is generally above 3000 with high hardness and chemical inertia,which shows the special application and broad prospects.(3)Various oxidation statesRed one is the common oxidation state Metal

6、lic ions of the first transition series(4)Ions show the various colorsReason:d-d jump(5)Variety of complexesReason:an empty valence orbitalCu2+,Co3+,Ni2+and ammonia compoundsTitanium and VanadiumTitanium is a high quality metal,its mechanical strength is similar to that of steel,but density is half

7、of iron,its has good corrosion resistance for aviation,military.Rutile,one of main natural titanium oxide,shows red and yellow when mixed with other ions.Vanadium is a silver-grey metal,mainly used for manufacturing alloy,and vanadium steel is used for making springs for special purposes.V2O5:Strong

8、 oxidant,orange yellow crystalV valence state:+5,+4,+3Vanadium compound:V2O5,VF5,VO2F4,V2S2Different oxidation states of vanadiumChromium group(VIB)：Cr,Mo,WValence electron configuration：(n-1)d 4-5ns1-2Chromium,molybdenum,tungstenTungsten steel drill bitThey are important alloyed elements,that can f

9、orm interstitial compounds and stable oxide films in the air.Chromium group(VIB)：Cr,Mo,W,SgChromium,molybdenum,and tungstenValence electron configuration:(n-1)d 4-5ns1-2At room temperature,pure chromium dissolves in dilute HCl and H2SO4,which is passivated in concentrated HNO3,and reacts with reacti

10、ve nonmetals at high temperatures,such as C,B,and N.Gray-white metal,high boiling point,high hardness.The surface is easy to form oxide filmColorMelting point/The change in heatCrO3(Chromium anhydride)Dark red198At 250,it is decomposed into Cr2O3 and O2K2CrO4yellow975Melting,but undecompositionK2Cr2

11、O7(Chromate salt)Orange red398Melting,but undecompositionCr2O3(Chrome green)green2330Dont break downCrCl36H2Opurple83Lost crystalline waterKCr(SO4)212H2ODark purple89Lost crystalline waterCr2O3(Chrome green)ColorThe existence of pHCr2O72-Orange-red2CrO42-Yellow6Cr3+(aq)PurpleacidCr(OH)4-Bright-green

12、Strong alkalisCr2+(aq)BlueacidVarious ions of chromium in an aqueous solution Cr2+(aq)Cr3+(aq)A potential diagram of chromiumCr Cr Cr OCr23272+-0.741.33-0.41-0.91Cr Cr(OH)Cr(OH)CrO2424-0.12-1.1-1.4-1.3/V/V1000 1300H2OleachingH2SO4acidificationFe(CrO2)2(s)Na2CO3(s)Na2CrO4(s)Fe2O3(s)Na2CrO4(aq)Na2Cr2O

13、7(aq)Na2Cr2O7K2Cr2O7KCl242328COCrO8NaO2Fe+232227OCO8Na)4Fe(CrO+2427224242OHSONaOCrNaSOHCrO2Na+1.Chromium compounds()The preparation of new compounds Cr():alkali fusion methodPreparations of other compounds using K2Cr2O7 as a raw materialK2Cr2O7CrO3(Chromium anhydride)(NH4)2Cr2O7CrO2Cl2(Chromium acyl

14、 chloride)KCr(SO4)212H2O(Potassium chrome alum)CrCl3H2ONH3coolingStrong H2SO4Strong H2SO4KClStrong H2SO4 SO2Strong HCl(dark red,acicular)K2Cr2O7+H2SO4(strong)K2SO4+2CrO3(s)+H2OCr()transformation of oxyacid and its ions in the solutionThe influence of pH valuespH6：Mainly CrO42-.OHOCr 2HCrO 2H2CrO2272

15、424+-+-(Yellow)(Orange)Both H2Cr2O7 and H2CrO4 are strong acids and exist only in dilute solutions=0.85K a2=9.55K a1=3.210-7K a2Insoluble salts of Cr(VI)-10.027-101.112Chromate is less soluble than its corresponding dichromate(Ag2CrO4)=(Ag2Cr2O7=+-+2HOHOCr4Ag22722Ag2CrO4(S,brick color)+-+2HOHOCr2Ba2

16、27222BaCrO4(S,lemon yellow)+-+2HOHOCr2Pb227222PbCrO4(S,yellow)O7H2KCl2+721.33V)/CrO(Cr32=+-OH4Cr23SOH83SOOCr232423272+-+-O7H2Cr3S8HS3HOCr232272+-O7H2Cr3I14H6IOCr232272+-2CrCl33Cl2)14HCl(s)OCrK722+strongO7H2Cr6Fe14H6FeOCr2332272+-O7H2Cr3Sn14H3SnOCr2342272+-Oxidizability of K2Cr2O7Chromium(III)compoun

17、dsPreparation:Properties:(gray green)(bright green)Preparation and properties of Cr2O3(2)Cr(OH)3 suitable OH-(green)Cr(H2O)63+Cr(OH)(H2O)52+H+2Cr(H2O)63+(H2O)4Cr(OH)2Cr(H2O)44+2H+2H2O 104K 102.7K hydrolysisblueblueZn)(2Cr22+Zn(s)Cr3+14HSOOCrOH7OS32Cr24272Ag22823+-+O8H2CrO2OHO3H2Cr(OH)224224+-Cr()red

18、ucing and oxidizingIt is easily oxidized under basic conditions.Cr2+(aq)Cr3+(aq)V33.1)Cr/OCr(3272=+-Acidic conditions:EV12.0)Cr(OH)/CrO(-424-=-Basic conditions:ECoordination of Cr()The coordination number is 6,and Cr3+uses d2sp3 hybridized orbitals to form bonds.For example：Hydrous isomerGreenBlue-greenPurpleCr(),Cr()identification Amyl alcohol(ether)BlueH+ether