问题解决与思维技能61.pptx

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1、1本 讲 纲 要 问题解决的概述 特殊领域的问题解决 特殊领域问题解决研究的启示 培养学生的问题解决能力第1页/共23页2如何利用知识和技能进行问题解决？知识和技能在问题解决中起到何种作用？如何培养学生的问题解决能力，发展学生的思维技能？想一想第2页/共23页31.问题解决概述 l l所谓问题必须是人首次遇到且无现成可回忆的经验来解决的一种情境。l l问题解决的特征：（1）目标指向性；（2）子目标的分解；（3）算子（operators）1.1 问题与问题解决的性质第3页/共23页4明确问题（identify the problem）定义和表征问题（define and represent pr

2、oblem）搜索可行的策略（explore possible strategies）按照策略行事（act on the strategies）复查和评价活动效果（look back and evaluate the effects of your activities）以上过程称为IDEAL1.2 问题解决的一般过程第4页/共23页5例1：抽屉里有黑、白两种袜子，它们相互混合在一起，它们的个数比例是4：5。请问，你要取出多少袜子才能确保其中有两只是同颜色的？例2：一个和尚到山顶一座庙里烧香。他日出步行上山，日落时才到达山顶。烧完香后他在山上住了一宿。第二天，他日出下山，中午就到了山脚。请问，该

3、和尚在上山下山时，是否会在特定时刻同时经过某一地方？问题表征的重要性？第5页/共23页6减少差异法手段目的分析法逆推法类比法1.3 问题解决的一般方法第6页/共23页7早期问题解决研究的缺陷：研究“知识贫乏”的任务AI研究的启示专长研究的兴起2.特殊领域的问题解决 2.1 缘由第7页/共23页8目的在于揭示专家之所以杰出的实质。此研究对于问题解决研究的意义在于，其结论可为解释特殊领域的问题解决提供启发和依据。实际上是一种纵向意义的研究。通常要求被试在解决问题过程中做出声报告，或者回忆所想到的问题。前类资料可用来了解思维思维过程过程，后类资料可用来解释如何表征问题表征问题。2.2 专家新手比较第

4、8页/共23页9筛选出某一领域的专家与新手 （1）社会身份 （2）他人评定 （3）经验年限 （4）操作绩效给这些专家与新手提出一系列的任务；比较专家与新手如何完成这些任务的。2.3 研究步骤第9页/共23页10流程图外在行为认知过程问题解决动作技能多维度比较揭示差异？分析归纳专家的优势或特征第10页/共23页11目的：探讨国际象棋大师高棋艺的实质。被试：国际象棋大师和棋力较弱的棋手。任务：复盘结果：专家的复盘更好。原因：专家拥有的棋位模式更多。de Groot（1965）的实验l l请思考：这种棋位模式是一种什么知识？它对弈棋是如何发挥作用的？第11页/共23页12专家能够知觉到大量的有意义模

5、式。拥有高超的短时记忆和长时记忆。技能执行的速度更快，很少出错。表征问题的相对时间较长。问题表征的层次更深，能理解问题的深层次含义以及所蕴藏的原理。有较强的自我监控技能。2.3 专家新手问题解决的差异之处第12页/共23页13问题：专家更杰出的问题解决能力，其实质是什么？领域知识起着重要作用，例如：专家具有更丰富且结构更为良好的陈述性知识，具有大量自动化的基本技能，具有强有力的领域特殊的策略。2.4 差异的实质第13页/共23页14实践的效果。“中小学天才教育课程计划”。（1）策略不具备迁移性；（2）学生已经掌握了这些策略。实证的证据 请阅读：Brown（1986）的实验。P199 Klahr

6、（1985）的实验。P2013.特殊领域问题解决研究的启示 3.1 是否需要传授一般问题解决策略？第14页/共23页15阅读：Wason（1968）的实验。Johnson-Laind等（1972）的实验结论 （1）人似乎不善于自发使用演绎推理的逻辑，仅在自己熟悉的领域得出合乎逻辑的结论。（2）教给抽象逻辑规则，对日常思维无作用。（3）这些规则不能运用到不熟悉的领域。3.2 是否需要传授一般推理策略第15页/共23页16能否成功地使用一般问题解决策略和一般推理规则的关键是，人是否已经具备了特定领域的相应知识。请阅读：Walker（1987）的实验。P2063.3 特定领域知识的重要性第16页/共

7、23页17问题1：培养问题解决的能力，实质是培养什么？4.培养学生问题解决的能力 l l问题2：特殊领域的知识又包括什么？第17页/共23页18丰富学生的陈述性知识，因为此类知识影响对问题的表征以及搜索解决方案的过程。（1）对基本概念、事实进行整理。如历史、数学。（2）以网络形式将概念、事实串连起来。（3）必要时，配以图片说明。（4）概念陈述清晰明了。（5）要求学生自己整理有关的观念性知识。4.1 形成有组织的知识结构第18页/共23页19问题：对于解应用题、写文章、计算机编程、教师教学来说，基本技能是什么？举措：怎样训练基本技能？（1）确定哪些技能是解决该领域一般问题所必须掌握的基本技能。方

8、法：查看教学大纲；访谈专家教师；任务分析 （2）促进技能自动化。方法：分解练习；促进组合；及时反馈4.2 促使技能达到自动化的程度第19页/共23页20教师要正确教授策略，并加以示范，不仅使学生掌握策略的操作步骤，更要使学生掌握使用策略的条件。给学生提供在实践中运用该策略的机会，并提供不同的问题情境。培养学生正确的归因倾向。培养学生元认知的能力。4.3 教授学生掌握特殊领域的策略第20页/共23页21本 讲 结 束第21页/共23页22WlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G5D

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25、iQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3

26、B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYm

27、VjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0

28、z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShP

29、dMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+

30、x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQe

31、NbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u

32、$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%r#oXlTiQfNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaIB+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8

33、G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r

34、#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaIB+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H5E2B+x(u%rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w&t!qYmVjSgOdL9I6F3B0y)v%s#oXlUiQfNcK8H5

35、D2A+x*u$rZnWkShPeMaJ7G4C1z)w&t!pYmVjRgOcL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlTiQfNbK8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D1A-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfO8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWl

36、ThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-x*t$qZnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfO8H5D2A-x*u$qZnWkShPdMaJ7F4C1z)w&s!pYmUjRgOcL9H6E3B

37、+y(v%r#oWlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*t$qZnVkShPdMaI7F4C0z)w&s!pXmUjRfOcL9H6E2B+y(u%r#oWlThQeNbJ8G5D1A-w*t$qYnVkSgPdLaI7F3C0z)v&s#pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+x(u%rZoWlThQeMbJ8G4D1A-w*t!qYnVjSgPdLaI6F3C0y)v&s#pXlUiRfNcK9H5E2A+x(u$rZoWkThPeMbJ7G4D1z-w*t!qYmVjSgOdLaI6F3B0y)v%s#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmV

38、jRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z

39、)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6E3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)#pXlUiQfNcK8H5E2A+x*u$rZnWkThPeMaJ7G4C1z-w&t!pYmVjRgOdL9I6F3B0y(v%s#oXlUiQfNbK8H5D2A+x*u$qZnWkShPeMaJ7F4C1z)w&t!pYmUjRgOcL9I6E3B+y(v%r#oXlTiQeNbK8

40、G5D2A-x*u$qZnVkShPdMaJ7F4C0z)w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F3C0z)v&s!pXmUiRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1w&s!pYmUjRfOcL9H6E3B+y(u%r#oWlTiQeNbJ8G5D1A-x*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZo

41、WkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6Fx*t$qYnVkSgPdMaI7F4C0z)v&s!pXmUjRfOcK9H6E2B+y(u%rZoWlThQeNbJ8G4D1A-w*t$qYnVjSgPdLaI7F3C0y)v&s#pXmUiRfNcK9H5E2B+x(u$rZoWkThQeMbJ8G4D1z-w*t!qYnVjSgOdLaI6F3C0y)v%s#pXlUiRfNcK8H5E2A+x(u$rZnWkThPeMbJ7G4C1z-w&t!qYmVjRgOdL9I6F第22页/共23页23感谢您的观看！第23页/共23页