英语语法之——英文时态三完成时态.pptx

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1、完成动作：1、现在完成（havehas done）2、过去完成（had done）3、将来完成（will have done）完成时态概述：形式：have done意义：完成时态表示的是在某一特定时刻（现在、过去或将来）之前开始发生的并持续到这一特定时刻或对这一特定时刻有影响的一个活动。第1页/共41页现在完成时：在现在之前（即过去）开始发生并持续到现在或对现在有影响的动作。I have learned 2000 words so far.过去完成时：在过去之前（即过去的过去）开始发生的并持续到过去或对过去有影响的动作。I had learned 1000 words by the end o

2、f last year.将来完成时：在将来之前（可能是过去、现在或将来）开始发生的并持续的将来或对将来有影响的动作。I will have learned 3000 words by the end of next year.第2页/共41页一、现在完成时态（havehas done）1、现在完成时态用法（一）：延续到现在的动作或状态 开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去。谓语动词一般为延续性动词。An old woman walked out into the middle of the street.The policeman yelled to her,“Dont yo

3、u know what it means when I hold up my hand?”The lady said,“Sure I do.I have been a school teacher for 28 years now.”I have lived here for 3 years.The teacher has taught in this school since I came here.Ive worked in this company since I left school.Since time began,man has lived in fear of fire.第3页

4、/共41页或者，由上下文明确告知，开始于过去的动作只持续到说话时刻为止即已结束。例如：A：Have you waited long?B：Ive waited for three hours.Ive waited for him all day;I dont want to wait any longer.这种现在完成时的特点：1）谓语动词一般为延续性动词。2）动作发生的时间是过去，但这一动作持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去。3）与这种用法的现在完成时态连用的时间状语通常是表示“一段时间”的时间状语，以说明某个动作或状态持续了多久。第4页/共41页与此种用法的现在完成时态搭配的时间状语：sin

5、ce时间点Ive worked in this company since 1980.Ive worked in this company since I left school.注意不能说：since three years，而要说since three years ago。for时间段Ive worked in this company for three years.Great changes have taken place in Beijing for the past few years.第5页/共41页“到目前为止”：until now,up until now,up to no

6、w,up till now,so far 等。例如：We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nations.“在最近几世纪年月以来”：in the past few years,over the past few years,during the last three months,for the last few centuries,through centuries,throughout his

7、tory等。例如：Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die,for the very nature of life includes death.Through centuries the bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police,perplexed scientists and fascinated writers.第6页/共41页2、现在完成时态用法（二）：过去发生但与现在仍有联系的动作或状态 表示在不确定的过

8、去发生的某一动作对现在仍有影响。谓语动词一般为短暂性动词。He has broken his leg.He broke his leg.A modern girl went to the theatre with a vest and a pair of slippers.The ticket-examiner turned her away very politely:“Miss,NO ADMISSION WITH SLIPPERS.”“Real1y?”the girl took off the slippers and carried them in her hands,“Then I w

9、ill go in barefootedly.”“Oh,my god!”the ticket-examiner cried out,“Fortunately,I have not told her NO ADMISSION WITH A VEST.”A：What has happened to Jane?She is crying.B：She broke the dining-room window.She has to face the music when her father gets home.第7页/共41页Mr.Odds works in a bank and lives on h

10、is own.The only family he has is in the next town:his sister lives there with her husband,and her son,Mark.Last week Mr.Odds had a surprise.He drove home from the bank at the usual time,driving neither too slowly nor too fast;he parked his car where he always parked it,out of the way of other cars,a

11、nd he went inside to make his evening meal.Straight away,there was a knock at the door.Mr.Odds opened the door,to find a policeman standing on the doorstep.“What have I done wrong?”Mr.Odds asked himself.“Have I driven on the wrong side of the road?Has there been some trouble at the bank?Have I forgo

12、tten to pay an important bill?”“Hello,Uncle,”said the policeman,“My names Mark.”You should have put the milk into icebox;I expect it undrinkable by now.Abecame Bhad become Chas become Dbecomes 第8页/共41页第二种现在完成时态使用技巧1、这种完成时态的肯定句不与“一段时间”的时间状语连用常见的这类动词有：come,go,leave,kill,die,lose,buy,start,give,marry,j

13、oin,bring,etc.），因此与它连用的时间状语不能是指“一段时间”。I have heard from my girlfriend since I came to America.（）I have bought this pair of shoes for a year（）He has left his hometown for 3 years.（）第9页/共41页这种错误句子的改正有多种方式：He left his hometown 3 years ago.Its 3 years since he left his hometown.He hasnt come back since

14、he left his hometown 3 years ago.He has been away from his hometown for 3 years.不过，终止性动词的完成时态若用否定式，表示尚未发生的事情，则可作为一种状态，从而可以表示延续。Beggar：Madam,I havent seen a piece of meat for weeks.Lady：Mary,please show this poor man the ham we bought just now.I havent seen a film for weeks.I havent heard from my gir

15、lfriend since I came to America.I havent bought a pair of shoes for a year.第10页/共41页与不确定时间的时间状语连用 这种现在完成时态可以不与任何时间状语连用，也可以同一些表示不确定的时间状语连用，如：already(已经),yet(只用在疑问句或否定句中),lately(最近),often,just(刚刚，方才),never(从不，从未发生过)等。例如：A：Would you like something to eat?B：No,thanks.Ive just had dinner.The leading expe

16、rt on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.Has it stopped raining yet?He hasnt arrived yet.He has already arrived.I have often thought that it would be perfect if we could fly without any aid.第11页/共41页具有“新闻”性质The President has been assassinated.He cant go on holiday because h

17、e has broken his leg.请认真体会下面对话：A：Have you seen the film“Forrest Gump”?B：Yes,I have.A：When did you see it?B：I saw it last spring.A：Did you see it alone?B：No,I saw it with my boyfriend.第12页/共41页A：The President has been assassinated.B：Really?When did that happen?A：He was killed last night when he spoke

18、 in crowd.A：I hear that famous Chinese comedian has died.B：Really?When did she die?A：She was dead late last night.A：Has the boss come yet?B：Yes,he has.He is in his office now.A：When did he come?B：He came at 9 oclock.He asked about you.第13页/共41页3、现在完成时态用法（三）：到目前的一个时间段内重复发生的动作For more than eighty year

19、s,scientists have argued over whether life exists on the planet Mars.Mary told her friend about her husbands poor memory.“My husband is losing his memory.But I cant complain.I have had three birthdays this year.”We have taken three tests so far this week.I have made many new friends since I came to

20、Beijing.I have written my girlfriends one hundred love letters since we met.Great as Newton was,many of his ideas today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.Aare to challenge Bmay be challengedCare challenging Dhave been challenged 第14页/共41页4、其他使用现在完成时的结构ThisThatIt is+序数词+名词+

21、that+现在完成时It is the third time that Ive come to Beijing.It is the fifth time that someone has knocked at my door.This is the tenth cup of coffee that Ive drunk this evening.How are you going to be able to fall asleep later if you keep on like this?ThisThatIt is+最高级或only修饰名词+现在完成时This is the most int

22、eresting movie that Ive ever seen.This is the best wine I have ever drunk.It is the worst book I have ever read.This is the hardest job I have ever had.This is the only book he has written.第15页/共41页5、现在完成时与一般过去时比较 现在完成时的第二种用法。此时完成时表示的也是过去的动作或情况，只是当我们强调过去的事情对现在仍有意义或仍有重要影响时才用现在完成时。He cant go on holida

23、y because he has broken his leg.He broke his leg.One of your friends is driving a sports car but he seems to be very nervous and not sure what to do.You may ask:Have you driven a sports car before?He may reply:No,this is the first time that Ive driven a sports car.Did you drive to the party?第16页/共41

24、页比较：I havent seen him this morning.I didnt see him this morning.I have called him three times this morning.I called him three times this morning.在用于延续性动词时两种时态的区别，请比较：He lives in Beijing.He has lived here for 3 years.He lived in Beijing for 3 years and then emigrated to America.He has been in the arm

25、y for 6 years.He was in the army for 6 years.I have smoked for 2 years.I smoked for 2 years.第17页/共41页二、过去完成时态（had done）1、过去完成时的意义：现在完成时表示一个开始于现在之前（即过去）并在现在仍持续或刚刚结束的动作。同理类推，过去完成时也可以用来表示在过去某一时刻之前（即过去的过去）就已开始的动作，这一动作：1）在该过去时刻仍然在继续，或在该过去时刻刚刚停止；2）在该过去时刻之前的某一时刻停止的动作；3）在该过去时刻之前的一段时间内重复的动作。第18页/共41页2、过去完成时的

26、用法开始于过去之前（即过去的过去）的动作或状态在过去这一时刻仍在持续。I had stayed in America for two years when he moved here.I had learned 1000 words by the end of last year.He had collected ten books of stamps by the end of last month.We had studied English for six years when we entered college.It had snowed for a long time when I

27、 woke up.第19页/共41页Its already 10 oclock.I guess Bob and Amy wont be coming to the party.They called at nine to say that theyd been held up.或由上下文明确告知动作或状态持续到过去这一时刻即停止。I had waited for her for two hours in such a severe winter when she eventually turned up,which of course drove me mad.There had been f

28、ifty colleges in our city up till 1993.第20页/共41页表示开始于过去之前的动作到过去这一时刻之前即已停止。She had made everything ready before I came.Her baby had fallen asleep when she went into the room.Before John got home,Mary had gone to bed.I had just poured myself a cup of tea when the phone rang.When I came back from answe

29、ring it,the cup was empty.Somebody had drunk the tea or thrown it away.第21页/共41页在过去之前开始的动作，在过去之前的一段时间内重复发生。I had written her 100 letters when she finally promised to marry me.I had proposed to her five times,but she still refused to marry me.过去完成时的其他用法1）intend,mean,hope,want,plan,suppose,expect,thin

30、k,propose,wish等动词的过去完成时可表示过去未能实现的计划、设想、意图或希望等。第22页/共41页I had planned to go shopping with you but my mother came to see me just when I was about to go.She had hoped that he would come to date her,but he didnt show up.I had intended to see you,but I was busy.They had hoped to see you off at the airpor

31、t,but they got there too late.2）用在“It was the序数词（first,second）或最高级that”句型中。例如：Last week I attended an international conference and saw Mr.Machine.It was the third time that I had met him.第23页/共41页3、一般过去时与过去完成时的比较 两个或两个以上相继发生的动作，用and或but按动作发生的先后顺序连接，此时要用一般过去时，而不用过去完成时。过去完成时则强调主语在过去某一时刻回顾更早的动作。具体来说，当我

32、们在谈论过去某一事件时，想到了在这之前已发生的某事，这时用过去完成时态。例如：He opened the door and entered,but found nobody.He served in the army for ten years;then retired and married.His children are now at school.第24页/共41页He had served in the airforce for ten years before he died in the jet-crash incident.I realized that we had met

33、before.I heard voices and realized that there were several people in the next room.I saw empty glasses and cigar butts on the table and realized that someone had been in the room.在表示两个相继发生的动作时，用过去完成时可以表示在一个动作完成以后，另一个动作才开始发生，从而使得两个动作相互独立，彼此脱离开来。用一般过去时，则可能表示一个动作“导致”另一个动作，或两个动作之间有一种因果关系。第25页/共41页When I

34、 had opened all the windows,I sat down and had a cup of tea.When I opened the window,the cat jumped out.When I had written my letters,I did some gardening.When I wrote him a letter,he came at once.When the singer had sung her song,she sat down.When the singer sang her song,she sat down.第26页/共41页三、将来

35、完成时态（will have done）1、将来完成时的意义 将来完成动作的开始时间：将来完成时，是以“将来”作为“坐标时间”，来表示开始于将来之前（可能是过去、现在或将来）的动作持续到将来。注意，这里说动作开始于“将来之前”，意味着动作开始的时间可能是：a)过去某一时刻；b)可能是现在某一时刻；或者也可能是；c)将来某一时刻。但动作开始的时间并不重要，关键是说话人要站在将来的某一时间来谈某一动作的完成情况。第27页/共41页例如：We will have taken five exams by next Friday.We started our exam yesterday and we

36、will have taken five exams by next Friday.We have started our exam today and we will have taken five exams by next Friday.We will start our exam tomorrow and we will have taken five exams by next Friday.第28页/共41页2、将来完成时的用法如同现在完成时的第一种用法的将来完成时。I will have taught English in New Oriental School for five

37、 years by the end of next month.I will have learned 8000 words by the end of next year.I will have waited for her for two hours when she arrives at2 oclock this afternoon.The old man will have worked in this factory for 50 years when he retires next month.第29页/共41页如同现在完成时的第二种用法的将来完成时。We will have fi

38、nished our exam by the end of next week.By the year 2050,scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer.I will graduate in July.I will see you in September.By the time I see you,I will have graduated.I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.The construction

39、 company will have completed the stadium by the end of next July,when the Olympic Games is to be held here.第30页/共41页May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at eight tonight?I am sorry.Mr.Williams to a conference long before then.Awill have gone Bhad gone Cwould have gone Dhas goneI hope you all the

40、material before you make the final decision.Awill have read Bwill be read Cwill be reading Dwould have read在将来之前开始的动作，在将来之前的一段时间内重复发生。By five oclock this afternoon the spaceship will have traveled eleven times round the world.第31页/共41页温故知新：In Brief 对于完成时态，首先应该真正理解现在完成时态的三种思维用法：1延续到现在的动作或状态；2过去发生但与现在

41、仍有联系的动作或状态；3到目前为止的一个时间段内重复发生的动作。其他两种完成时态在思维上与现在完成时本质上是一样的，区别只是人们说话的立足时间不同。另外要注意比较不同用法的完成时态和不同的时间状语的搭配。第32页/共41页完 成 时 态 的 练 习 1、用适当的时态填空1)I began to teach in New Oriental School in 1997.This year is 2001.So far I(teach)here for 4 years.By 2000,I(teach)for 3 years.By 2002,I(teach)for 5 years.2)Dont sp

42、end your money like water.If you keep on like this,you(spend)all your money before the end of the trip.3)“Was Clint at the party when you arrived?”“No,he(already,go)home.”4)“Was Clint at the party when you arrived?”“Yes,but he(go)home soon afterwards.”5)I felt very tired when I got home,so I(go)stra

43、ight to bed.6)The house was very quiet when I got home.Everybody(go)to bed.7)Sorry Im late.The car(break)down on my way here.第33页/共41页8)We(drive)along the road when we saw a car that(break)down,so we stopped to see if we could help.9)Yesterday I had a phone call from Clint.I was very surprised.I(wri

44、te)to him many times but he(never,reply)to my letters.10)I met Clint a few days ago.He(just,come)back from holiday.He looked very well.11)The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous.It was his first flight.He(never,fly)before.12)This traffic is terrible.Were going to be late.By the time

45、 we(get)to the airport,Bobs plane(arrive,already),and hell be wondering where we are.13)Last spring I went to France.It was the first time that I(be)there.14)This is the only novel that he(write).第34页/共41页15)This is the first time that I(take)the flight.16)This is the most difficult job that I(ever,

46、do).17)Clint is phoning his girlfriend again.This is the fourth time that he(phone)her this evening.18)A：Look!Somebody(spill)milk on the carpet.B：Well,it(be,not)me.I(do,not)it.A：I wonder who it(be)then.19)A：Clint(break)his leg.B：Really?How that(happen)?A：He(fall)off a ladder.20)I(lose)my key.I cant

47、get into my house.21)I(lose)my key,so I couldnt get into my house.But now I(find)it.第35页/共41页2、改错：22)I have entered the university for two years.23)He has come here for three hours.24)The old lady has died for ten years.25)He has left his native place for three years.26)I have married for one year.2

48、7)He has joined in the army for five years.28)I have come to Beijing for seven years.第36页/共41页3、用正确时态填空，在合适的地方填人just,already,yet,before等。29)A man sitting next to you on a flight seems very nervous but feels very excited.You can ask:?(take a flight)30)Jack is skiing from the top of the mountain.He do

49、esnt look very confident.You can ask:?(ski from the top of the mountain)31)After lunch you go to see a friend at her house.She says“Would you like something to eat?”you say:No,thank you.(have lunch).32)You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job.Perhaps he has been successful.Ask him:?(find

50、 a job)第37页/共41页33)You are eating in a restaurant.The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.You say:Wait a minute!.(notfinish)34)John goes out.Five minutes later,the phone rings and the caller says“Can I speak to John?”You say:I am afraid .(go out)4、讨论下列完成时态是什么思维和用法。35)M