2015考研英语语法大全.docx

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1、考研英语十二大基础语法体系对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点 在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,而且有四种声调。其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的 语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、 也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。、英语动词的时态（一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定,比如书这个字,本书、三本书都一样,没有词 形变化。英语就不同了,book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。动词

2、是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言冨是。同一个动作或状态 分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。（二）英语动词的形式:英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词 有以下五种形式:（1）动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后, 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。（2） 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）:主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。（3）过去式:主要用般过去时。（4）现在分词:主要用于进行时态，或语

3、法规定的其他情况。（5）过去分词:主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表:词尾变化（规律与名词变复数相同，读音也与名 词复数相同）举例一般加一SHelp-helps; read-reads在ch, sh, s, x或元音字母后面加一esDo, fix, pass, push, teach does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加一esTry, study tries, stuides与名词变复数形式相同，读音也相同。动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed构成，这是规则

4、动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:词尾变化举例词尾读音动词后面加一edHelphelped Workworked Watchwatched清辅音之后读也Wantwanted needneededt,之后读也Turnturned play-played元音和浊辅音（d 除外）之后读以不发音的e结尾的词,加一dLovelovedServe-served结尾是辅音字母+y时,y变i,再加一edStudy-studied Trytried结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写 辅音字母再加一edStopstoppedDrop-dropped清辅音之后读也不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形

5、式,需要个别记忆,同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则, 即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如:weepwept, sleep-slept, sweepswept现在分词一律由动词原形加一ing构成,规则如下表:词尾变化举例一般加一ingLook-looking, trytrying以不发音的e结尾的词,去掉e ,再加一ingWritewriting, dancedancing以个辅音字母（X除外）词尾的重读闭音节词， 先双写词尾的辅音字母，再加一ingBeginbeginning, swimswimming, Runrunning, sitsitting以-ie结尾的词，变ie为y ,再加一

6、ingDiedying, lielying为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过去将来。英语动词所表示的动作在 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一般、逬行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以do为例,列表如下:时态一般逬行完成完成进行现在时Does; doAm/is/are+doingHas/have+doneHas/have+been doing过去时DidWas/were+doingHad doneHad been doing将来时Shall/will+doShall/willbe+doingShall/will have

7、 + doneShall/will+have been doing过去将 来时Should/would/+doWould/should+be doingShould/would + have doneWould/should + have been doing时态就是通过动词的形态变化,来表达动作发生的时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）及所处的状 态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行I比如在They are doing their exercises.这个句子中,动词由原形do变成are doing的形态,说明这 个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时;在They have

8、done their exercises.这句中,动词由原形do变成have done的形态,说明这个事情 是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态,所以叫现在完成时;在They always do their exercises.中，动词用原形do的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是 一般情况下永远如此,所以叫一般现在时。在这三句话中,动词do虽然用了不同的形态,其意义没有变化,而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余 类推。（三）时态详解16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去 逬行时、将来逬行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成逬行时

9、和过去完成逬行时。其他 时态很少单独使用。下面把各种时态的构成和用法做个全面的介绍。1、一般现在时通常以动词原形表示主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。动词be和have（表示拥有）各人称的单数形式为:第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数HaveHaveHaveHasBeAmAreis一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:动词be与have （表示拥有）:否定式直接把not放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见 下表:否定式疑问式BeHaveBeHaveI am not (F m not).I have not (haven t).Am i.?Have i.?You are n

10、ot (aren t).You have not (haven t).Are you.?Have you.?He is not (isn# t).He has not (hasn t).Is he .?Has he .?动词be的否定疑问式和简单回答否定疑问式肯定回答否定回答Am I not (aren t i).?Yes, you are.No, you aren tAre you not (aren t you).?Yes, I am.No, I m not.Is he not (isn t he).?Yes, he is.No, he isn t动词be与have（表示拥有）:否定式直接

11、把not放在动词之后（疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见 下表:否定式疑问式BeHaveBeHaveI am not (T m not).I have not (haven t).Am i.?Have I .?You are not (aren t).You have not (haven t).Are you .?Have you.?He is not (isn t).He has not (hasn t).Is he .?Has he .?动词have（表示拥有）的否定疑问式和简单回答:否定疑问式肯定回答否定回答Have I not (haven t i).?Yes, you have.No

12、, you haven t.Have you not (haven t you).?Yes, I have.No, I haven* t.Has he not (hasn t he).?Yes, he has.No, he hasn* t.注意:have作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。行为动词（以study为例）TS现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答（注意要加助动词do/does ）否定式疑问式I do not (don t) studyDo I studyYou do not (don t) studyDo you studyHe does not (doesn t) studyDo

13、es he study否定疑问句式简单回答（肯定;否定）Do I not (Don 11) study.?Yes, I do. No, I don t.Do you not (Don t you) study.?Yes, you do. No, you don t.Does he not (Doesn t he) study.?Yes, he does. No, he doesn t.2、现在逬行时由助动词be +现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第一人称单数用am,第三人称 单数用is,其他用are.现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not，疑问式是:把助动词b

14、e提到主语之前。以study 为例:否定式疑问式I am not studyingAm I studying?You are not studying,Are you studying?He is not studying.Is he studying?5、一般过去时一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do的过去 式did,同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:否定式疑问式I did not (didn t) study.Did I study.?You did not (didn t) study.Did

15、 you study.?He did not (didn t) study.Did he study.?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定;否定）Did I not (Didn 11) study.?Yes, you did. No, you didn t.Di you not (Didn t you) study.?Yes, I did. No, I didn t.Did he not (Didn t he) study.?Yes, he did. No, he didn t.6、过去逬行时由助动词be的过去式+现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was ,其他 用 were.

16、1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去逬行时经常 与过去时配合使用。例如:This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson，昨天这个时候，我们正在上英语课。The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room.老师在给我们上课时，汤姆走 进教室。While we were having supper, all the lights went out.我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。He was reading while sh

17、e was setting the table,她摆桌子时,他在读书。It was getting dark. The wind was rising.天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。2 ）过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法 表明带有的感情色彩。例如:The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young.两兄弟小时候常吵架。In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to w

18、estern powers.清朝时,中国总題寸西 方列强妥协。7、过去完成时一律用had +过去分词构成。用法:1）表示发生在过去某时间或动作之前的事情,即过去的过去。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时 间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时, 后发生的用一般过去时。例如：She told me she had been there three times before.她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。（去过发生在 告诉之前）How long had he taught here by the end of last term?到上学期末为止,他

19、在这里教学多长时间啦? （教学发生在上学期末结束之前）When we arrived, the football match had already begun.我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。She had visited China twice before she came this year.她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。2）过去完成时动词可以表示过去某时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一置寺续到过去这时 刻或将继续下去。例如：By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years.到上月中旬,我

20、已在北京住了五年了。By six clock they had worked for eight hours.到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time.我到上海时,他在那里很长时间 了。3）过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。4 ）此外，过去完成时常用于no sooner.than.和hardly（scarcely） .when.这两个句型,前面部分 用过去完成时，后面部分用一般过去时。例如：No sooner had he stolen the purse th

21、an he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed.他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured.萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获 了。8、过去完成逬行时had been +动词的现在分词。用法：表示

22、一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束（可以从上下文看出X 这时态经常与一般过去时起使用。例如:When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours.他逬来的时候,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days,道路彳艮危险。雨一百下T两整天一 They were tired because they had been digging since dawn.他们

23、累了,因为亮开始他们就一直 在挖。The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。9、一般将来时一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:（1） shall/will + 动词原形表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称L we用shal!或will,其余用will.其否定式、疑问 式和简单回答形式如下:否定式疑问式I shall/will not study.Sha

24、ll I study.?You will not study.Will you study.?He will not study.Will he study.?否定疑问式简单回答（肯定/否定）Shall I not (shan t i) study.?Yes, you will. No, you won t.Will you not (Won t you) study.?Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan t/won t.Will he not (Won t he) study.?Yes, he will. No, he won t.例如:I shall be twen

25、ty years old next year.我明年二十岁。The sky is black. I think it will rain.天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。You will meet him at the station this afternoon.你下午会在车站碰到他。The train will arrive soon,火车快要到了。When shall we see you next time?我们下次什么时候能看见你呢?He probably won t go with us.他大概不能和我们起去。注意:1） shall, will 的缩写形式为II,如 F II, you

26、 II, he* I! 和 she, II 等。2 ） will用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall用于第二、三人称时,可以 表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如:I will give you a new pen for your birthday,我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）I will take the college entrance examination,我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）Shall I open the window?我打开窗户好吗?（征求允诺）You shall have the book as soon as I get it.我

27、一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）The enemy shall not pass.决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）I will do my best to help you.我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）Nobody shall be late for the meeting.任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）(2 ) be going +动词不定式1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如:My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥准备明年学英语。I am going to meet Tom a

28、t the station at six.我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。She is not going to be there.她不会到那儿去的。When are you going to finish your work?你的工作什么时候做完?He is going to stay a week.他准备呆一星期。We are going to call a meeting to discuss it,我们准备开个会来讨论一下。2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如:Look at these black clouds ? it is going to rai

29、n.看这些乌云?要下雨了。I think it is going to snow.我看要下雪。I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.恐怕我要得重感冒。10、将来逬行时shall/will be + 现在分词用法：将来逬行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。This time next week we shall be working in that factory,下星期这时候,我们将在那个厂劳动。 When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for

30、 me.当我明天早晨起床 时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。I will be seeing him next month.我下个月将要见他。Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.我们明天去赶集。We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July.七月份我们要去海边度假。一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人 意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,并对这事情有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作.一般将来时主 要是对某事情即将发生做个事实性的说明或陈

31、述,强调事实或意愿。11、过去将来时(1)由should/would +动词原形构成。第一人称用should;第二 三人称用WOUldo美国英语所有人 称一律用 would, should/would 的简略形式为，d,如 r d, you d; would not 和 should not 的简略 形式分别为wouldn t和shouldn t.(2 )过去将来时表示从过去某时间看:(艘发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去 经常发生的事情。如：They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.他们问我是否很快要去广州。She to

32、ld me she would come again next week.蛹口我说她下周还来。I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn t.我告诉他马上离开,但他不。He d play the violin when he was in low spirits.他情绪低落的时候,就拉小提琴。When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition.我上大学的时候,每年暑假都找份临时工挣

33、学费。(3)其他表示过去将来时的结构：12、将来完成时shall/will + have + 过去分词用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某时刻或将来的某时刻之前完成的动作,这动作也可能继 续逬行。例如:By seven clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line.如果 火车运行正常,我们今天下午七点就到上海了。Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work,到上床睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作（或 作业），By Feb

34、ruary next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years.到明年二月, 这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games,至! 2008 年 9 月,北京将举行完了 奥运会。二、被动语态（）简介在英语中,语态是动词的种形式,表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语 态。主动语态（active voice）表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态（passive v

35、oice ）表示主语是动作的承 受者。如：Saddam is being tried.萨达姆正在接受审判。The Iraqi government is trying Saddam.伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。More and more people use computers now.（主动语态）Computers are more and more widely used now.（被动语态）English is spoken all over the world.（被动语态）（二）英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了,用被遭受等词来表示,如被捕、被杀、受到凌辱等。

36、 而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂,用助动词be+动词的过去分词表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和 时态的变化,而这正是英语被动语态的难点。（三）被动语态的构成被动语态由be+及物动词的过去分词构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词,因为不及物动词 不能带宾语,也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态常用的有8个,以give为例 说明如下：时态动词形式一般现在时Am/is/are given一般过去时Was/were given一般将来时Shall/will be given现在进行时Am/is/are being given过去进行时Was/were being given过去

37、将来时Should/would be given现在完成时Has/have been given过去完成时Had been given被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或 never等其他否定词、句末用句号。如:“During the interview, were you asked questions in English? No, I wasn, t asked questions in English?面试的时候,用英语问你问题了吗?”没有,没有用英语问我问题。The origin of the universe will pro

38、bably never be explained.宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。Is the restaurant being decorated?那家餐馆正在装修吗?The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated 那家 餐馆没有在装修。实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。（四）被动语态的用法1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法,有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说岀是谁干的, 这时就用被动语态。例如:I felt a littlie nervous

39、when I was being interviewed.我接受面试的时候，有点紧张。These fighters are imported from Russia.这些战斗机是从俄国进的。That place has been turned into a swimming pool.那个地方已被变成游泳池。2、说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正,也常用被动语态He s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A.据说/据信/据报道他在美国。还有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）:It is said that据说It is reported tha

40、t据报道It is hoped that希望It is believed that人们相信It is announced that据宣布it is （well） known that众所周知It has been decided that已经决定It is supposed that 人们认为It is suggested that有人建议It must be remembered that务必记住It is taken for granted that被视为当然（五）主动句变被动句的注意事项是时态不能改变;二是变为被动语态后,谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作 如下变动：

41、把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在by的后面,组成介词短语,再把 这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,by短语可以省略。 例如:They will open a new supermarket there soon.他们很快!在那里开办个市。A new supermarket will be opened there soon.个新超市不久将在那里开办。The doctor gave two lectures in English,那位医生用英语讲了两次课。Two lectures were given by the doctor

42、in English,由那位医生用英语讲了两次课。Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats.有人警告我们要当心老鼠。We have been warned to be careful of rats,我们受到警告,要当心老鼠。如果主动语态有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）,变为被动语态时,可将其中母可一个宾语变为主语,另 个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。The reporters asked the president some questions.记者们问了总统一些问题。The president was asked some

43、questions by the reporters.（变间接宾语为主语）Some questions were asked the president by the reporters.（变直接宾语为主语）We have given him a job.我们已给了他个工作。He has been given a job.（变间接宾语为主语）A job has been given （to） him.（变直接宾语为主语）（六）含有情态动词的被动语态句中含有情态动词时,其被动语态的结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词:The timetable can be changed any time.时间表

44、随时可以改变。This book may not be taken out of the reading room.这本书不允许带出阅览室。This dictionary must be taken good care of.这本词典必须保管好。（七）关于被动语态的几点说明1、有些动词形式上是主动,意义上是被动。例如:School begins in September.学校九月份开学。The library doesnf t open on Sunday.图书馆星期天不开放。The machine runs well.这台机器容易操作。My pen writes well.我的钢笔好使。Th

45、e cloth washes well.这料子耐洗。The dictionary sells well.这词典销路很好。The book hardly sells.这书买不出去。The door will not shut/lock.门关/锁不上。2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中,不定式符号to必须补上。例如:They made him go.他们让他去。He was made to go.他被要求去了。I heard him say good-bye to his frien

46、ds.我听见他向他的朋友说再见。He was heard to say good-bye to his friends.有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。3、除助动词be,动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态,是比较语化的一种被动语态。这种结 构中很少用by短语。例如:I got lost in the huge market.在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。You might get killed/hurt.你会送命/受伤的。In the end this story got translated into English,这故事最后被译成了英文。His car got damaged in a road accident.他的车在交通事故中被毁了。4、