高考英语二轮复习第三部分阅读理解专题十七词义猜测公开课课件省市一等奖完整版.ppt

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1、专题十七词义猜测专题十七词义猜测-2-考情概览考试说明指出:正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步,也是理解文章的基础。但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思,其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义,才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外,阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词,但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力,是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力,因此也是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。词义猜测题主要是测试考生根据上下文判断生词或新短语意义的能力。阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。事

2、实上,阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。考生可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。-3-1.词义猜测题常见的命题方式有以下几种(1)The word“.”in the passage means.(2)The word“.”could be best replaced by.(3)Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to the word“.”?(4)The word“.”probably refers to.(5)According to the passage,the word“.”

3、is known as.2.词义猜测题解题策略(1)根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义这种情况下,生词往往出现在前面,定义或解释跟在生词的后面,也可由or或破折号引出,因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义,生词的含义也就清楚了。释义部分可以是单词、短语,也可以是列举的句子。在做这类题时,要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语,在句中多用逗号(,)、破折号()、冒号(:)、分号(;)等来连接。-4-【典例分析】(2017天津卷,C)This month,Germanys transport minister,Alexander Dobrindt,proposed the first set of rules

4、for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆).They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley”of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless c

5、ars that could delay the driverless future.-5-46.What does the phrase“death valley”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A place where cars often break down.B.A case where passing a law is impossible.C.An area where no driving is permitted.D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.词义猜测题。根据第一段的最后一句可知,交通部长的提议

6、将会明确司机的责任。根据第二段的“.the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.”可知,这个提议旨在处理半自主驾驶与完全自主驾驶之间的不明确的情形,故选D项。-6-(2)根据搭配、对比关系猜测词义分析句子结构、辨别句子成分、分清搭配关系,是判断词义的前提,通过搭配关系可以确定画线名词指代的对象是人还是物。另外,转折词but,让步/条件状语从句以及unlike,in spite of,despite,however等一些介词和副词(短语

7、)都可以构成意义上的对比关系。-9-(3)利用构词法猜测词义根据前缀猜测词义如:Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根据词根educational(教育的),结合前缀co-(共同,一起),我们便可以猜出co-educational意为“男女同校教育的”。根据后缀猜测词义如:Its a quiet,comfortable hotel overlooking(俯瞰)the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England

8、s most southerly point.后缀-ise/-ize意为“使成为,使化”,结合词根commercial(商业的),不难猜出uncommercialized意为“未被商业化的”。-10-【典例分析】(Q=Question;A=Answer)Situation Q:If someone sits right next to me in an empty movie theater,is it rude to move?A:Maybe,but nobody will fault you for it.Chances are that the close sitter doesnt r

9、ealize he disturbs you,so he may miss your annoyance.You undoubtedly arent the first person hes met who needs enough room.Forgive his bad judgment,move quietly and enjoy the show.-11-Situation Q:If I use the restroom at a store,do I need to buy something?A:Consider frequency and urgency.Is this a on

10、e-time thing or an emergency?If so,you dont have to buy anything,but it would be kind if you did.However,if you regularly use the restroom at this place,then you are a customer,and you should act like one.Situation Q:If someone is talking loudly on the bus,is there a nice way to ask him to keep it d

11、own?A:No.Try other means:1)Stare at him until he gets aware of it and quiets down.2)Lift your finger in a silence motion(动作)and smile.3)Put on earphones and ignore him.-12-Situation Q:If I remember my friends birthday a day late,should I apologize or just wish her a happy birthday like nothing happe

12、ned?A:This is the reason why the word belated was invented.“Happy belated birthday!”is short for:“Well,I know I forgot,but then I remembered.Forgive me and happy birthday.”Situation Q:Can I lie about seeing a text because I was too busy or lazy to respond(回复)to it?A:Dont lie.Receiving a text does no

13、t mean you need to respond to it.Why waste a perfectly good lie when the truth will serve?“Yes,”you can say if ever asked,“I saw it.”No explanation is needed as to why you dont respond.-13-The underlined word“belated”in Situation probably means.A.predictedB.returnedC.cancelledD.delayed词义猜测题。由第四个情景对话

14、(Q:)中的“a day late”及画线词belated本身中的词根late可以推出答案为D项delayed“拖延的,迟到的”。-14-根据复合词的各部分猜测词义如:Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(别扭的)hand positions.well-designed或许是个生词,但我们分析该词的结构后,就能推

15、测出其含义。它由well(好,优秀)和design(设计)两部分组成,合在一起便是“设计精巧的”之意。We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor.Because of this,most people think that craft(手艺)no longer exists.根据合成词中的mass(大量的)和produce(生产),我们可以推测mass-produced的意思是“大批量生产的,大规模生产的”。-15-(4)根据上下文信息判断词义根据上下文信息猜测

16、词义题占此类题的绝大部分,做题时既要注意画线词前的信息,也要注意画线词后的信息,有时有参考价值的信息会延伸到上下段落中。-16-【典例分析】(2017全国卷,D)A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器)is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available.Developed by two doctors in the U.S.Department of Agriculture,its an excellent wate

17、r collector.Unfortunately,you must carry the necessary equipment with you,since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes.The only components required,though,are a 55 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic,six feet of plastic tube,and a containerperhaps just a drinking cupto catch the wat

18、er.These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.-17-To construct a working still,use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catchers productivity.Place your cup in the deepest

19、part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole.-18-33.What does the underlined phrase“the water catcher”in paragraph 2 refer to?A.The tube.B.The still.C.The hole.D.The cup.词义猜测题。从文章第二段的“To construct

20、 a working still.”和画线词后的productivity可推断出画线部分指的是the still。故选B项。-19-(5)根据常识判断词义根据常识猜测词义时,要注意“度”,即:要在忠于原文信息的前提下,适当借助经验和常识来猜测词义,不能脱离原文中的实际进行夸大的猜测。【典例分析】People arent walking any moreif they can figure out a way to avoid it.I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a smal

21、l parcel.The journey is a matter of 281 steps.But I used the car.And I wasnt in any hurry,either.I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness:motorosis.-20-It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的),for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs.A

22、t that time,we regarded 25 miles as a good days walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill.It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship.And the effect was lasting.When I was 45 years old I racedand beata teenage football player the 168 steps up t

23、he Statue of Liberty.Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle-aged persons as bad for the heart.But a well-known British physician,Sir Adolphe Abrahams,pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise.A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one wh

24、o exercises regularly.And walking is an ideal form of exercisethe most familiar and natural of all.-21-It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot.The man walking can learn the trees,flowers,insects,birds and animals,the significance of seasons,the very feel of himself as a

25、 living creature in a living world.He cannot learn in a car.The car is a convenient means of transport,but we have made it our way of life.Many people dont dare to approach Nature any more;to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat.To them security is a steel river thundering on a concr

26、ete road.And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.I say that the green of forests is the minds best light.And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.-22-What is compared to“a steel river”in Paragraph 6?A.A queue of cars.B.A

27、 ray of traffic light.C.A flash of lightning.D.A stream of people.词义猜测题。本段主要讲述的是人们过分依赖汽车。对他们来说,安全就是一条在混凝土路上呼啸而过的“钢铁长河”。根据常识判断a steel river 指的是一长列汽车。答案为A项。-23-A AB BC CLife is to be enjoyed.Theres no point in giving up something you enjoy unless you get something back thats even better.When people ea

28、t more healthfully,exercise,quit smoking,and manage stress better,they find that they feel so much better that it reconstructs the reason for making these changes from fear of dying to joy of living.The latest studies show that when you exercise and eat right:YOUR BRAIN receives more blood flow and

29、oxygen,so you become smarter,think more clearly,have more energy,and need less sleep.Two studies showed that just walking for three hours per week for only three months caused so many new neurons(神经细胞)to grow that it actually increased the size of peoples brains!-24-A AB BC CYOUR FACE receives more

30、blood flow,so your skin glows more and wrinkles(皱纹)less.You look younger and more attractive.In contrast,an unhealthy diet,chronic emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face so you age more quickly.Smoking accelerates aging because nicotine causes your arteries(动脉)to narrow down,whi

31、ch decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle earlier.This is why smokers look years older than they really are.YOUR GENES change.In May,a study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showing that changing your lifestyle changes your genes.-25-A AB BC CYOUR

32、TELOMERES(染色体端粒)get longer.Telomeres are the ends of our chromosomes(染色体)that control how long we live.As telomeres become shorter,then cells age more quickly,thus shortening your life.Besides,one of the most interesting findings in the study was that the mothers awareness of stress was more importa

33、nt than what was really occurring in their lives.The researchers gave the women a questionnaire and asked them to rate on a three-point scale how stressed they felt each day,and how out of control their lives felt to them.The women who were aware that they were under heavy stress had significantly s

34、hortened and damaged telomeres compared with those who felt more relaxed.On the contrary,some of the women who felt relaxed despite raising a disabled child had more normal-appearing telomeres.-26-A AB BC CIn other words,if you feel stressed,you are stressed;if you feel fine,you are fine.【语篇导读】本文是一篇

35、调查报告。最新研究发现,适当的锻炼、正确的饮食和愉悦的心情能给人带来很多益处。比如一个人的大脑会有更多的血液流动,带来更多的氧气,人就会思维活跃,精力更加充沛。此外,面部皱纹也会减少,看上去更年轻更漂亮。而吸烟、不恰当的饮食和不良情绪则会加速一个人的衰老和死亡。-27-A AB BC C1.Which of the following are good for lengthening ones life,according to the passage?eat healthy fooddrink plenty of watertake exerciseget up earlygo to sle

36、ep earlyrelease ones stressA.B.C.D.A 解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句“When people eat more healthfully,exercise,quit smoking,and manage stress better,they find that they feel so much better.”可知A项正确。-28-A AB BC C2.The underlined words“your skin glows”in Paragraph 3 are closest in meaning to“”.A.your skin becomes w

37、hite as there is plenty of sunshineB.your skin becomes smooth as there is much blood in itC.your skin looks pink as you are healthyD.your skin becomes soft as you exercise enoughC解析词义猜测题。根据下文“You look younger and more attractive.”可推测出,如果一个人看上去更年轻更漂亮的话,皮肤应该是健康的颜色,故C项正确。-29-A AB BC C3.In the authors o

38、pinion,when you exercise and eat right,you will experience some changes EXCEPT.A.brains becoming clevererB.faces having fewer wrinklesC.arteries turning narrowerD.genes being changedC解析细节理解题。由文章第三段第四句“Smoking accelerates aging because nicotine causes your arteries(动脉)to narrow down”可知,是吸烟这种不健康的习惯导致动

39、脉血管变窄,故选C项。-30-A AB BC C4.From the last but one paragraph we learn that.A.mothers will have more damaged telomeres if they raise a disabled childB.mothers dont know how to handle stress effectivelyC.some women were asked to fill out a questionnaire about educating childrenD.mothers positive attitude

40、s are the key to managing their stressD解析推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段第一句“Besides,one of the most interesting findings in the study was that the mothers awareness of stress was more important than what was really occurring in their lives.”以及后文的调查结果可知,母亲们对压力的积极态度是成功应对压力的关键,故D项正确。-31-A AB BC C5.The best title for t

41、he passage would be.A.Eat better,live betterB.Feel better,live longerC.Less stress,fewer diseasesD.Smoke more,age soonerB解析主旨大意题。文章开头提出“Life is to be enjoyed.”,然后讲述了健康的饮食、适当的锻炼和对压力的正确处理给人们带来的益处,最后总结概括“In other words,if you feel stressed,you are stressed;if you feel fine,you are fine.”由此可知,文章的最佳标题为B项

42、,其他选项都是片面的。-32-A AB BC CWhen Haben Girma was in college at Lewis&Clark,she had to solve a problem that few other students have faced.As a deaf-blind student with very limited sight and hearing,she had a hard time figuring out the food stations in her schools cafeteria.As she explained in a speech on

43、 Jan.16,2012,at the Perkins School for the Blind,she came up with a plan that she would be emailed the menu each day for each station and could pick her destination accordingly,instead of just taking whatever was put on her plate.But the cafeteria sent the email only about half the time.When she wro

44、te to the cafeteria manager to complain,he responded,as she described in her speech,“that they were very busy,that they were doing me a big favor,and that I should stop complaining and be more appreciative.”-33-A AB BC CAt that point,Girma turned to the law:“I explained that Title of the Americans w

45、ith Disabilities Act(ADA)requires businesses to make reasonable accommodations for persons with disabilities;if the cafeteria refused to do this,I would sue(起诉).”The manager found her during mealtime the next day and apologized,and from then on she received the menu each day.-34-A AB BC CGirmas pare

46、nts and teachers taught her from an early age that her life need not be limited by her disabilities and that each problem had a solution.At her local public school in Oakland,Calif.,she learned sign language and Braille.She tried rock climbing,skiing,biking and dance.Yet her parents initially hesita

47、ted when,during high school,Girma told them she wanted to volunteer in Mali with a group building schools.“I was 15 and I was traveling outside the country without family,”she says.“And it was amazing.It really helped develop my confidence.If I can go to build a school in West Africa,I can go to law

48、 school.”Girma is right because she is now a student at Harvard Law School.【语篇导读】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了残疾人Haben Girma争取自身权益并不断提升自我的故事。-35-A AB BC C1.What does the underlined word“they”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Girmas teachers.B.Girmas classmates.C.Disabled students like Girma.D.The staff in the school cafeter

49、ia.D解析代词指代题。由第二段可知,Girma要求学校自助食堂将每天每个食品站的菜单用电子邮件发送给她,但是自助食堂只有一半的时间做到。Girma就此问题投诉后,自助食堂的经理答复说食堂的工作人员很忙等。故画线词指代“学校自助食堂的工作人员”。-36-A AB BC C2.Girma got the menu as required soon after.A.she put forward the planB.she visited the cafeteria managerC.she declared that she would sue the cafeteriaD.she wrote

50、to the cafeteria manager to complainC解析细节理解题。由第三段可知,投诉无效后,Girma声明食堂如果拒绝将每天每个食品站的菜单用电子邮件发送给她,她将依法起诉食堂。第二天食堂经理就向她道歉并答应了她的要求。-37-A AB BC C3.Being told that Girma wanted to volunteer in Mali,her parents.A.expressed different opinionsB.strongly disagreed on the ideaC.immediately showed firm supportD.perm