二、法律文体的句法特点.pdf

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1、二、法律文体的句法特点 法律文体除了上节所讨论的词汇特点之外,还具有区别于其他文体的句法特点。法律文体素以句子冗长而著称。据统计,在法律文体中,句子的平均长度为 271 个单词而科技文体的句子平均长度则只有 28 个单词。此外,法律文本的句子结构复杂,逻辑性强,从而加大了法律翻译的困难。为了使法律文件的表述更加准确、严谨和庄重,法律文本中的句子结构通常很复杂,长句也较多。由于在制定法规时必须对中心词进行限定,因而句子中会包含许多从句和修饰、说明成分,如定语从句、状语从句、并列结构、分词短语等。1、定语从句 在法律文本中,限制性定语从句和非限定性从句都有使用。相对而言,由于法律在语言上要求准确、

2、严谨,所以限定性从句用得较多,而作为补充说明、解释性的非限定性定语从句则用得较少。例 10 A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed can not be contracted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements.However,such statements or agreem

3、ents may be used to interpret the writing.译文 书面合同中,有条款表明该书面合同完全体现了当事人已达成协议的条款的,不得把以前的声明或协议加入合同,或以此声明或协议对合同加以补充。但此声明或协议可以用于解释该合同。在这句话中,第一个 which 引导的定语从句修饰中心词 contract,第二个定语从句限定terms。通过使用定语从句,法律名词表述得更为具体。2、状语从句 法律文本的一个显著特征就是大量使用状语从句,尤其是条件状语从句。因为法律条文除了规定双方应享有的权利和履行的义务外,还会考虑到各种具体情况,表现在句子结构上就是频繁使用条件或让步状语

4、从句。常用的引导词有:if,whereas,where,provided that等。例 11 Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver of breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of

5、 holding over or otherwise.A new Tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Landlord and the Tenant.译文倘若在本合于规定的租借期满后业主接受租金或中间收益,不应该被认为是起了放弃或违背合约的任何条件的作用,也不应该认为是起了作为继续租用或其他的新租期的作用。新租约只能是业主和租户签署的新书面租凭合约。原文中 provided that是一个普通英文中很少使用的古旧词,但在法律文件,尤其是在合约条款中,广泛使用。其用

6、法与 if 或 but 非常类似,意为“倘若、如果”,引导条件从句时通常放在句首。3。并列结构 并列结构(parallelism)是英语中一种特定的起加强语气作用的修辞方法。”to be or not to be”和”I came.I saw.I conquered.”等经典语句早已为世人耳熟能详。在法律英语里,常见的别列结构连接 词有:bothand,not onlybut also,and,or,neither,nor,eitheror,whetheror not 等。翻译并列结构时,一般按原来的语序直译成中文。例 12 Neither the Company nor the Purcha

7、ser shall in any event be required to take any step which would require any admission of guilt or liability relating to matters connected with the claim in question or which would affect the future conduct of the business of the Purchaser or the Company of any subsidiaries of the Purchaser or affect

8、 the rights or reputations of any of them.译文本公司或买方在任何情况下均无须采取任何步骤,以致需要就与有争议的索赔有关的事宜承认有罪,或有法律责任,或影响买房或本公司,或买方的任何附属公司将来的业务行为,或影响他们任何一方的权利或名誉。在这个例句中,出现了两个 which 引导的定语从句共同修饰 any steps,同时也出现了or 连接的几个词语并列结构,如:the Purchaser of the Company or any subsidiaries of the Purchaser.例 13 Everyone has right to a st

9、andard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family including food,clothing,housing and medical care and necessary social senrices,and the fight to security in the event of unempl.yment,sick ness,disability,widowhood,old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstanc

10、es beyond his control【译文】人人有权享受为维持他本人和家属的健康福利所需的生活水准,包括食物、衣着、住房、医疗和必要的社会服务;在遭到失业、疾病、残废、守寡、衰老或在其他不能控制的情况下丧失谋生能力时,有权享受保障。4短语的使用法律条文的冗长晦涩影响了可读性,近年来法律语言也有简约化的趋势,但由于法律文体自身的严密性和完整性,要用简明的语言撰写法律条文绝非易事。利用短语代替从句是一个可行的办法,如使用分词短语、介词短语、不定式短语等替代从句,从而使句子结构变得更为紧凑。例如:例 14 不服本判决的一方,可于接到判决之日起 15 日内向一级法院提起上诉。【译文】Any pa

11、rty dissatisfied with the judgment may,within 15 days upon receipt of the said judgment,inaY file an appeal to the next upper peoples coun 该句用了“dissatisfied with the judgment”代替定语从句“who is dissatisfied with the judgment”,用“upon receipt of the said judgment”代替状语从句“once he receives the said judgment”,

12、使行文更加紧凑、简洁,重点突出。例 15 Members agree that the particular interest of the cotton-producing exporting members should,in consultation with them,be reflected in the implemeneation of the provisions of this Agreement.【译文】各成员同意,产棉出口成员的特殊利益应通过经与其进行磋商在实施本协足的规定过程中予以反映。(译成汉语的定语)例 16 Evidence is any statement or

13、 material object from which reasonable conclusions can be drawn.It is a broad category embracing anything perceptible to the five senses including documents,exhibits,facts agreed to by both sides and the testimony of witnesses【译文】证据是从中可以推理出合理结论的任何陈述或者具体的物质。证据是一个很广泛的类别,可以包括任何可被五官感觉到的东西,具体包括书证、物证、双方同意

14、的事实、证人证词等。(译成汉语的补语)5被动语态法律条文要尽可能的客观、公正,因而在法律英语中被动语态的使用频率很高。很多法律条文只要说明事实情况,而无需指出谓语动词的施动者,被动语态恰好能符合要求。但中文法律极少使用被动态,而采用省略主语的主动语态,即无主句。这样既可以表示客观,又可以避免频繁使用“被”字句。例 17 Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the【译文】要求发出通知时,通知可以任何符合情形的方式作出。例 18 The clause was inserted by unilate

15、rally,there was no negotiation【译文】该条款没有经过谈判,系单方面插入的。第三节 法律翻译的一般技巧 法律文体的翻译虽然有自身的特点,但与其他文体的翻译有一定的共性。要做好法律翻译工作,译者必须具备一定的通用翻译能力,掌握常用的翻译技巧,同时也要注意法律语言特征和文体特点。本节试图从词语和语法两个层面探讨法律翻译的基本技能。一、法律词语的翻译 1词的增补 词的增补是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系,以及译文语言的语义、句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时增加原文字面上没有但实际已包含在内容之中的词。对比汉语和英语的遣词造句的习惯,词的增补通常是将原文中隐含的词译出,以清楚

16、地表达原文的意思,保证句子意思的完整。例 19 Subject to Article 54(C)below,in the event that a Party fails to make its capital contribution,in whole or in part,in accordance with the provisions of this Contract,such pany shall be liable to pay simple interest to the Company at a rate equal to default interest rate per a

17、nnum on the unpaid amount from the time due until the time the full outstanding amount including penalty interest is paid to and received by the company【译文】在遵循以下第 54(C)条规定的前提下,如果一方未依照本合同的条款全额或部分出资,则该方应就欠缴的出资额按年拖欠利率的单利向合营公司支付罚息,计息期为该笔出资的应缴日期至该笔出资及罚息全额支付,并由合营公司收到之日。译文中的“计息期”在原文中并没有对应的英文词,但在翻译这个句子时,加上“

18、计息期”这个词会使译文更加通顺,符合中文的表达习惯。例 20 Any interim or final Investment Certificate shall be signed by the Chairman and the Vice Chairman of the Board and stamped with the Company seal,and shall certify the amount of registered capital contributed by such Party and the date on which such capital contribution

19、 was made【译文】临时或正式出资证明书应由董事长和副董事长共同签署,加盖合营公司公章,并注明出资方的出资金额和出资日期。原文中“signed by the Chairman and the Vice Chairman of the Board”意为“由董事长和副董事长签署”,但翻译时加上“共同”一词,译文表达的意思会更加完整、明确。例 21 This Agreement shall take effect on the Effective Date and Shall continue for a period of ten f 10)yearsThis Agreement shall

20、 be automatically renewed for oneyear terms thereafter unless and until terminated by either Party here to by giving six(6)months written notice to the other【译文】本协议自生效日起生效,有效期为十年。此后,除非一方提前六个月向另一方发出终止本协议的书面通知,本协议逐年自动延长一年 原文中以 unless and until 引导的状语从句中,省略了主语 this agreement 和构成被动态的助动词 is,但翻译时出于汉语句法和结构上

21、的考虑,需要补上原文省去的“本协议”才能把意思表达清楚。2词的省略与重复(1)省略 翻译中的省略,是指原文里有些词或其他成分无需译出来,这或是因为被省略的词语其意义在译文中已有体现,又或是因为硬译出来反而使译文显得累赘、生涩,违背汉语的表达习惯。例 22 The growth of capitalism and the competition for domestic and international business have led to a never-ending stream of new business instruments and techniques and sophis

22、ticated markets,each with its own communication system,its trading rules and its procedures for clearance and settlement【译文】随着资本主义的发展以及国内、国际业务的竞争的加剧,新的交易手段和商业技术层出不穷,市场变得更加专业化、更加成熟,每种市场都拥有自己的通讯系统、自己的贸易规则和自己的清算结算程序。原文中有“has led to”这个动词,但在译文中译者省略了它的中文对应词。译者这样省略的目的是为了使译文更加通顺,更加符合中文的表达习惯。例 23 With the ab

23、andonment of mercantilism and the grant of oveeas state trading monopolies,paternalism gave way to private enterprise It is a fact that in the development of our legal techniques for the accommodation of business transactions the legislature has,rather remarkably,played almost no part at all.【译文】放弃重

24、商主义,赋予海外贸易的国家垄断权,家长式的管理都让位给了私人企业。事实上,在高速商业贸易的法律技术的发展过程中,立法显然没起什么作用。原文中“With the abandonment of mercantilism and the grant of overseas state trading monopolies”这个短语是靠“with”的连接才成为主句的状语的,但是译者在翻译时却省略了“with”的作用,直接就将其所连接的词当作两个短语。在译文的整个句子中,这两个短语就和主句构成了一个前后时间相连的复句。例 24 If the medieval lex mercatoria laid th

25、e foundations,it is the central courts,particularly from the eighteenth century onwards,that have fashioned the body of principlesand rules making up modem English commercial law【译文】如果中世纪的商人法奠定了基础,那么就是由中央法院,由其从 18 世纪以来,培育了英国现代商法的众多的规则和原则。原文中分词短语“making up modem English commercial law”修饰“the body of

26、principles and rules”,但在翻译时省略了“making up”,但不会影响句义的完整。(2)重复 重复实际上也可以看作是一种增词,只不过是增加的是同一个词而已。由于英语和汉语两种语言的句法和修辞的差异,英语句子里有些省略的词或词组,按汉语的表达习惯却必须予以再现,加以重复,从而避免语义含糊,出现歧义。例 25 Party A shall be responsible at its own cost for the timely provision of all utilities and related installations to close to the bound

27、ary of the areas comprising the Express-way,the Ancillary Facilities,the Service Facilities and the Adjacent Land Parcels as designated by Party B and the operator that may,in the opinion of Party B and the operator,be required for the development,operation and maintenance thereof,provided that Part

28、y B shall pay Party A its normal and reasonable costs in providing the electricity and water consumed in the performance of such development,operation and maintenance【译文】甲方应负责及时提供通往乙方及经营者指定的,紧靠构成高速公路,附属设施,服务设施及毗邻地块的区域边界各地点的所有公用事业设施及配套安装,在乙方和经营者看来,可能是高速公路,附属设施,服务设施及毗邻地块的开发,运营和维护所需要的;但条件是:乙方应向甲方支付其在从事

29、上述开发,运营和维护工作中提供所耗水、电的正常和合理的费用。在英文法律文件中,经常会出现 herein,thereof 这类词,但在中文法律用语中尚无与之完全对应的词,所以在翻译这类词时,通常采用增词法,将其所指代的具体内容清楚地表达出来。原文中 thereof 指代 the Expressway,the Ancillary Facilities,the Service Facilities and the Adjacent Land Parcels,翻译时将其全部译出,避免语义含糊。例 26 After completion,the Vendor shall not in any way h

30、old itself out or permit itself to be held out as being interested in,or in any way connected with the company【译文】交易完成后,卖方不得自称,也不得允许他人宣称卖方在公司中拥有权益或与公司有任何关联。例 27 Party A has full legal right,power and authority to execute and deliver this Contract and all of the agreements and documents referred to i

31、n this Contract to which Party A is a party and to observe and perform its obligations hereunder and thereunder 译文甲方在法律上有充分的权利、权力和权限署和交付本合同及本合同中的该方为一方的所有协议和文件,遵守并履行本合同及该等协议和文件规定的义务。hereunder 和 thereunder 中的 here 和 there,必须还原成“本合同”和“该等协议和文件”,即把这几个词重复译出。3转换法(1)词义转换 在正常的情况下,并在将原文翻译成译文时,译者只需按照原文中各个词的词典含

32、义就能准确而地道地把原文翻译成译文。然而,在一些特殊情况下,尽管按照词典含义很意思对等地翻译,但以译文为母语的人看来,这种译文总会让人觉得别扭,词的表达总是很不妥当。在这种情况下,译者就必须按照译文的表达习惯,改变词典含义,用地道的译文用词来表达原文作者的真正含义。例 28 Each Party shall have the right to change its legal or authorized representative and shall promptly notify the other Party of such change and the name,position an

33、d nationality of its new legal or authorized representative【译文】双方有权撤换其各自的法定代表人或授权代表,并应将新法定代表人或授权代表的姓名、职位和国籍及时通知另一方。在原文中的“change”的原意为“变化”,但为了符合中文的表达习惯,将它翻译成“撤换”。例 29 The Company may establish branch Offices inside China and overseas with the consent of the Board and approval from the relevant governm

34、ental authorities【译文】合营公司经董事会决议并经有关政府机关批准可在国内外成立分支机构。原文中“consent”的原意为“同意”,但为了中文法律语言的表达习惯,在译文中将其翻译为“决议”。例 30 The purpose of the joint venture shall be to utitize the combined technological,management,operational and marketing Strengths of the Parties within the approved scope of business of the Compa

35、ny to achieve good economic results and a retum on investment satisfactory to the Parties【译文】合营公司的宗旨是结合双方在技术、管理、运营以及营销方面的优势,在合营公司经批准的经营范围内开展业务,以取得良好的经济效益以及令双方满意的投资回报。原文中的“strength”的原意为“实力,力量”,但在译文中,为了符合中文表达习惯的需要,它被改译为“优势”。例 31 Subject to Article 54(c)below,in the event that a Party fails to make its

36、 capital contribution,in whole or in part,in accordance with the provisions of this Contract.such Party shall be liable to pay simple interest to the Company at a rate equal to default interest rateper annum on the unpaid amount from the time due until the time the full outstanding amount including

37、penalty interest is paid to and received by the Company【译文】在遵循以下第 54(c)条规定的前提下,如果一方未依照本合同的条款全额或部分出资,则该方应就欠缴的出资额按年利率过期罚金率的单利向合营公司支付罚息,计息期为该笔出资的应缴日期至该笔出资及罚息全额支付,并由合营公司收到之日。原文中“unpaid”一词的原意是“未支付”,但在译文中被按照中文法律语言的习惯翻译成了“欠缴”。例 32 When a Party has made all or any part of its contribution to the registered

38、capital of the Company,a Chinese registered accountant appointed by the Board shall veilfy such contribution and issue a capital contribution verification report in the form required under Applicable Laws【译文】一方向合营公司部分或全部出资后,由董事会聘请的中国注册会计师验资并按照相关法律要求的形式出具验资报告。原文中的“appointed”一词在译文中被按照中文的表达习惯改译为“聘请”。(2

39、)词性转换 中英文表达习惯有很大的不同,比如英文中名词使用得较多,而中文中动词使用得比较频繁,因而在进行法律文件的英汉互译时,要注意词类的转换,使译文符合表达方式,从而避免译文生硬晦涩。例 33 By delegating the spare parts and service responsibility to the dealers,the Joint Venture and its dealers draw another clear distinction between themselves and theircompetitors.【译文】通过把提供零部件和维修的责任交由经销商代为

40、履行,合营企业及其经销商可再度将他们自己和他们的竞争者清楚地区别开来。例 34 The Parties agree that any restructuring shall not adversely affect the economic interests of the Parties【译文】双方同意,任何重组不得给双方的经济利益带来不利的影响。在例 33 中,原文中的名词 distinction 被转换成中文动词“区别”,形容词 clear 被转换成副词“清楚地”。在例 34 中,动词 affect 被翻译成中文名词“影响”,副词 adversely 译为形容词“不利”。例 35 合营企

41、业需要在国外或港澳地区设立分支机构时,应当报对外经济贸易合作部批准。【译文】When a joint venture needs to establish branches overseas or in the Hong Kong or Macao Special Administrative Region of China,approval from the Ministry of For elgn Trade and Economic Cooperation shall be required 例 36 除非本协议另有规定,任何一方未能或延迟行使其在本协议项下的任何权利、权力或特权,不应视

42、其放弃该权利、权力或特权;单项或部分行使任何权利、权力或特权,亦不妨碍其进一步行使该权利、权力或特权。【译文 1 Unless otherwise provided for herein,failure of delay on the part of any party to exercise any right,power or privilege under this Agreement shall not operate as a writer thereof,nor shah any single or partial exercise of any right,power or pr

43、ivilege preclude further exercise thereof 在例 35 中,原文中的动词“批准”在英文中被译成名词“approval”。在例 36 中,副词“单项或部分”被翻译成英文形容词“single or partial”,副词“进一步”译为形容词“further”。二、法律句子的翻译 法律文件中的句子通常都比较冗长,语法结构复杂,从句和修饰语较多,因而对译者的理解和表达能力要求较高。本节主要探讨法律文书中的一些常用的从句的翻译,以及在翻译过程中句子语序的调整,从而解决法律文书中长句的翻译问题。1定语从句 在法律文件中充满大量的定语从句,对其翻译一般有两种方法:第一

44、种,在定语从句被翻译过来后,把它放在修饰词的前面,此种方法最为常见。但是,如果定语从句的译文太长,放在修饰词前会使译文显得拖沓冗长,不符合中文的表达习惯。这时就要采用第二种方法,把定语从句与主句分离,让定语从句成为一个独立的分句。例 37 If the other Party does not exercise its preemptive right of purchase within thirty(30)days after dehvery of such notice,such other Party shall be deemed to have consented to such

45、transfer and covenants that it will sign all necessary documents in connection there with and will cause the directors appointed by it to attend in person,by proxy or by telecommunications any Board meeting at which such transfer is to be considered and to vote in favor or a resolution approving suc

46、h transfer or to sign a written resolution circulated in lieu of such a meeting of the Board,as the case may be【译文】如果在递交上述通知后的三十(30)日内另一方没有行使其优先购买权,则视为该方同意此转让,该方承诺将签署所有必要的相关文件,并将促使其委派的董事亲自参加、通过代理人或通讯设备参加审议此转让事宜的董事会并投票赞成批准此转让的决议,或签署在董事间传阅的相关书面决议。原文中的“any Board meeting at which such transfer is to be

47、considered”这个定语从句就被译者按照中文的表达习惯被放在了被修饰词“董事会”的前面。这样,在译文中,定语从句的中文译文成了一个短语。例 38 Subject to the approval of the Examination and Approval Authority,if at anytime Applicable Laws or the policies of the relevant government authorities permit a foreign investor to hold an equity interest greater than that cu

48、rrently held by party B in the Company in thedescribe industry sectorindustry,undertaking equivalent or similar business to that of the company,Party B shall have the option(but not the obligation),by notice to Party A given at any time,to increase its percentage interest in the registered capital o

49、f the Company to a percentage specified by Party B,which shall be any percentage up to and including the maximum permissible under Applicable Laws of the PRC or policies of the government authorities at the time of exercise(the“Party B Equity stepup Option”)【译文】如果根据相关法律或有关政府部门的政策,在产业部门产业,与合营公司的业务相同或

50、相似的所有企业中,允许外国投资者持有的股权份额大于乙方在合营公司中现持有的股权份额,经审批机关批准,乙方应有选择权(但无义务),可在任何时间通知甲方增加其在合营公司注册资本中所占份额至乙方通知中确定的百分比,该增加的份额可为当时中国相关法律或政府部门政策允许的最高限额之内的任何份额(包括最高限额)(“乙方股份递增选择权”)。原文中的“which shall be any percentage up to and including the maximum permissible under Applicable Laws of the PRC or policies of the govern

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