教师版---高考常见的定语从句四大类型6643.pdf

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1、 1 高考常见的定语从句四大类型 定语从句也是一种非常常见的从句形式，是各类考试都必定考察的重点，然而定语从句类型繁多，引导词复杂，让很多同学都焦头烂额，小编这次就为大家带来高考常见的定语从句八大类，一起学起来吧！第一种类型：考查 which 引导的非限制性定语从句 which指代整个主句的内容，它引导的定语从句一般位于主句的后面，它的意思是“这(那)件事”，在这些从句中which作主语或宾语。如：1.Jim passed the driving test,_ surprised everybody in the office.(浙江卷)A.which B.that C.this D.it 解

2、析：which 引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语。答案为 A。第二种类型：考查 as 引导的非限制性定语从句 as 也可指代整个主句的内容，但不同于 which 的是，它引导的定语从句既可以位于主句的前面，也可以位于主句的后面。它的意思是“正如”，在这些从句中 as 作主语或宾语。如：1._ I explained on the phone,your request will be considered at the next meeting.(浙江卷)A.When B.After C.As D.Since 解析：引导非限制性定语从句且位于主句之前，用 as 引导。答案为 C。第三种类型：

3、考查由“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句 用于这种情况的关系代词一般为 which(指物)和 whom(指人)。在这种结构中，介词的选择非常关键，可以遵循以下四个原则：(1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词确定介词，其动词与介词搭配，构成动词短语。(2)根据定语从句中的形容词确定介词，其形容词与介词搭配，构成形容词短语。(3)根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词，其先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方法、工具等的词，它们与介词之间有一定的联系。当“介词关系代词”在定语从句中充当时间、地点、原因状语时，可分别用 when,where,why 替换。(4)根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句

4、中谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时，要根据句子所要表达的意思，选用不同的介词。如：1.He was educated at a local grammar school,_ he went on to Cambridge.(山东卷)A.from which B.after that C.after which D.from this 2.The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _ they are being trained.(江西卷)A.in that B.fo

5、r that C.in which D.for which 解析：第 1 题选 C，after which 指“在此之后”；第 2 题选 D，考查的对应搭配是 be trained for the jobs。第四种类型：考查由 where,when,why 引导的定语从句 关系副词 where,when,why 引导定语从句时，它们分别在从句中充当地点时间、原因状语。如：1.Is that the small town you often refer to?Right,just the one _ you know I used to work for years.(福建卷)A.that B.

6、which C.where D.what 解析：选 where，表示“的地方”，引导定语从句，表示地点。以上就是这次为大家带来的内容了，大家都掌握了吗?这些都是从历年高考中收集来的常见考点，大家一定要铭记在心，但不仅仅是记住题目，而是牢牢掌握知识点，希望这次的内容能为备考的大家带来帮助。学习定语从句的常见学习误区 一、误认为关系代词 whose 只用于修饰人 whose 用作疑问代词时，主要用于指人；但用作关系代词时，它既可指人也可指物。如：It was an island,whose name I have forgotten.它是一座岛，名字我忘了。The factory,whose wo

7、rkers are all women,is closed during the holidays.这家工厂工人都是妇女，在假期中工厂关门了。二、混淆定语从句与并列句 请看下面两题：1.He has two children,and both of _ are abroad.A.them B.which C.whom D.who 2 2.He has two children,both of _ are abroad.A.them B.which C.whom D.who 第 1 题选 A，第 2 题选 C。由于第 1 题中用了并列连词 and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and 后应是一个独立的

8、简单句，所以选 A 不选 C；第 2 题没有并列连词 and，both of whom are abroad 为非限制性定语从句。另外，请比较下面一题：He has two children,both of _ being abroad.A.them B.which C.whom D.who 此题答案为 A，其中的 both of them being abroad 为独立主格结构，用作状语。请再看一组类似的例子：1.He wrote a lot of novels,many of _ translated into foreign languages.A.it B.them C.which

9、D.that 2.He wrote a lot of novels,many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A.it B.them C.which D.that 第 1 应选 B，而不能选 C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选 C，则该从句无谓语；第 2 应选 C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。比较下面一例：He wrote a lot of novels,and many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A.it B.them

10、C.which D.that 此题与上面的第 2 题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词 and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选 B，则不能选 C。三、混淆关系代词与关系副词 有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。比较：This is the factory where I want to work.这就是我想工作的工厂。(work 为不及物动词 where 在从句中用作状语)This is the facto

11、ry that I want to visit.这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit 为及物动词，that 用作 visit 的宾语)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill.他没来的是因为他病了。(come 为不及物动词，why 在定语从句中用作状语)The reason that he put forth is very important.他提出的理由很重要。(put forth 为及物动词，that 在定语从句中用作其宾语)比较下面的考题：1.This is the room _I lived ten years ago.A.that B

12、.where C.who D.what 2.This is the room _I lived in ten years ago.A.that B.where C.who D.what 3.This is the room _I bought ten years ago.A.that B.where C.who D.what 4.This is the room _I visited ten years ago.A.that B.where C.who D.what 5.This is the room _I was born ten years ago.A.that B.where C.wh

13、o D.what 第 1 题选 B，因为 live 是不及物动词，它无需接宾语；第 2 题选 A，因为虽然 live 不及物，但 live in 却是及物，它应有自己的宾语；第 3、4 题也应选 A，因为 buy 和 visit 均为及物动词，它们应有自己的宾语；第 5 应选 B，因为 be born 无需有自己的宾语。四、误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句 有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定要选 which 而不选 that，但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句。如：1.If a book is in English,_ means slow progress for you.A.as B.which

14、 C.what D.that 2.When I say two hours,_ includes time for eating.A.as B.which C.what D.that 以上两题均应选 that，而不能选 which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选 that，是因为句中已有 if 和 when 引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that 为主句主语。3 限制性定语从句的用法解析 一.关系代词:that which who whom 1.that 既可代表事物也可代表人,which 代表事物,在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略代词，which在从句中作宾语不可

15、以省略。而且，如果 which 在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉.eg.I lost my key in the theatre where I saw this film=I lost my key in the theatre in which I saw this film.2.who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。二.关系副词：where when whose 1.where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。eg.I went the Zhongshan Pa

16、rk,where was the right destination.2.when 引导定语从句表示时间,表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用 when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用 that引导。eg.By the time you arrive in London，we will have stayed there for two weeks.3.whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物，当它引导的从句修饰物体时，意思相当于 of which。eg.I saw a boy standing on the groud,whose

17、 hat was red.as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句在句中主要起补充说明作用，在非限定性定语从句与主句之间往往有逗号隔开，独立存在，确实也不会影响整个句子的意思。1.as 引导的非限制性定语从句 as 有时作关系代词，代替整个主句，对其进行说明 但 as 也回用于固定搭配，像 as we all know,as it is known,as is known to all,as it is,as is said above,as always mentioned above,as is usual,as is often the case,as is rep

18、orted in the newspaper 等。as 在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。eg.As we all know,Jack London is a famous American writer.2.which 引导的非限制性定语从句 which 指代主句中的名词。eg.These apple，which were bought by my father，are very sweet.which 指代主句中的形容词。eg.She was very patient towards the children，which

19、her husband seldom was.which 指代主句中的某个从句。eg.He said that he will love her forever，which was not true.非限制性定语从句的用法解析 1.who 引导的非限制性定语从句 who 引导的非限定性定语从句在句中作从句的主语。eg.Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.2.whom 引导的非限制性定语从句 关系代词 whom 用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。eg.Peter,whom you m

20、et in London,is now back in Paris.3.whose 引导的非限制性定语从句 whose 是关系代词 who 的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose 通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。eg.The boy,whose hat is red,studies very hard.4.when 引导的非限制性定语从句 关系副词 when 在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。eg.He will come here yesterday,when he will be free.4 5.where 引导的非限制性定语从句关系 副词 where 在非

21、限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。eg.They went back to London，where was their hometown.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的四大区别 一、在句中作用不同 限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。二、外在表现形式不同 三、限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；非限制性定语从句则与其相反。例如：D

22、o you remember the girl who taught us English?We walked down the village street,where they were having market day.三先行词内容有所不同 大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。例如：A middle-aged woman killed her husband,which frightened me very much.由语境可知，令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了

23、自己的丈夫”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由which 引导限制性定语从句。四、关系词的使用情况有所不同（一）that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句 所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that 不可。例如：He didnt pass the exam,which disappointed me.他没通过考试，令我很失望。（二）关系代词替代情况不同 关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom，但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。例如：This is the g

24、irl whom I met in the street.先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用 who 代替 whom。（三）关系代词省略情况不同 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。例.This is the book(which/that)he lost yesterday.析：先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。定语从句与同位语从句的用法比较 和先行词的关系不同。同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，二者是同位关系;定语从句修饰限定先行词，二者是修饰关系。The ne

25、ws that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国.(第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句,that 在从句中作宾语)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.5 汤姆要出国的消息是他讲的.(同位语从句,that 在句中不作任何成分)定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，作宾语时经常被省略。同位语从句主要有连词 that 引导，在从句中不担当成分，也可由 when、where、who、how、what、whethe

26、r 等连词引导，这些连词在从句中担当成分。The news that he told me is true.(定语从句)他告诉我的消息是真的。The news that he will come back is true.(同位语从句)他将要回来的那个消息是真的。同位语从句和先行词可以用 be 动词发展成为一个完整的句子，而定语从句不能。The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all.(同位语从句)地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。The fact is that the earth moves around the s

27、un.(定语从句)定语从句中 as 的用法简述 as 引导非限制性定语从句时有许多常用句式：As is known to all,the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围着太阳转。（as is known to all 众所周知）As is reported in the newspaper,the economic of our country has increased in last year.正如报纸所报道的，我们国家的经济在去年有所增长。（as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的）As is said abo

28、ve，this plan can be carried out totally.综上所述,这项计划完全可以实施。（as is said above 综上所述）As was expected,he was elected as the chairman.正如预料的那样，他当选为主席。（as was expected 正如预料的那样）as 引导限制性定语从句时，需要注意两个结构：such.as 表示“像这（那）样”He is such an unselfish man as we respect他像我们所尊敬的那种无私的人。the same that 表示同一人或物，而 the same as 表

29、示同种类的东西，两者都引导定语从句，试比较下列两个句子：This is the same pencil that I lost.这支铅笔就是我丢的那一支。This is the same pencil as I lost.这支铅笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。定语从句中引导词的省略 只有在限定性定语从句中引导词才能看情况省略，而在非限定性定语从句中，引导词绝对不能被省略。定语从句引导词省略有以下几种情况：关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中作表语时只用 that，但时常省略。She is no longer the girl that she used to be.她不再是过去那个女孩儿了。以 the w

30、ay 为先行词的限制性定语从句，通常以 in which 或 that 引导，但通常省略 in which 或 that。The way(in which)he spoke to his classmates was unfriendly.他跟同学说话的方式并不友好。以 reason 为先行词的限制性定语从句，如果先行词 reason 在定语从句中做状语，通常以 why 引导，但人们通常省略why。That is the real reason(why)they left their hometown.那是他们离开家乡的真正原因。在 there be 句型中，关系代词总是被省略。There i

31、s a lady(who)wants to talk with you.有一位女士想和你谈谈。定语从句中只能用引导词 that 的情况 当先行词为 everything、all、little、much、none 等不定代词时，只能用引导词 that。There is nothing that can stop him from doing it.没有任何东西能够阻止他做这件事。当先行词既包含人又包含物时，只能用引导词 that。They are talking of the stars and their apperances that interest them.他们正在谈论他们感兴趣的明星

32、及他们的外貌。当先行词前有 last、next、only、very 等词修饰时，只能用引导词 that。6 The only person that he can remember is his mother.他唯一能记住的人是他的母亲。当先行词是疑问代词 who，which，what 或主句以这些词开头时，只能用引导词 that。Who is the girl that is playing the guitar?在弹吉他的女孩是谁?当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时，只能用引导词 that。This is the most interesting story book that

33、I have ever read.这是我读过的一本最有趣的故事书。由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 1.由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体，在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末。如：This is the man to whom I referred.我指的就是这个人。This is the man(whom)I referred to.我指的就是这个人。2.直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词 which 不能换成 that，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词 whom 不能换成 who。但若介词用于句末，则用作宾语的 which,whom 也可换成 that,who，或者省略不同。如：

34、这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。This is a subject about which we have talked a lot.(which 不能换成 that，也不能省略)This is a subject which we have talked about a lot.这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which 可以换成 that，也可以省略)3.关系副词 when,where,why 根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词 which”。如：That is the day when=on which he was born.那就是他出生的日子。That is the house whe

35、re=in which he lived.那就是他住过的房子。That is the reason why=for which he must apologize.那就是他必须道歉的原因。4.在很正式的文体中，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。如：在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。正：There the children had a garden in which to play.(很正式)正：There the children had a garden in which they could play.(较正式)正：There the children ha

36、d a garden to play in.(较口语化)注：这类“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构中的介词不能没有，也不能放在句末。如不能说 There the children had a garden which to play in.关系副词 when 引导的定语从句 When 引导限定性定语从句是对先行词进行修饰限定，在语法功能上就是一个定语。例句 1：There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。例句 2：I will never forget the days when(in which)we shared

37、 all the roses and thorns.我永远都不会忘记我们在一起同甘共苦的日子。关系副词 when 引导非限定性定语从句 When 引导非限定性定语从句时对先行词的补充说明，在语法功能上其实相当于补语。例句 1：It was on Mid-Autumn Festival,when all family members reunite,that I left my hometown for a strange city alone.正是在中秋节这个家人团圆的日子，我却独自离开家乡去了一个陌生的城市。注释：when 在这里引导非限定性定语从句，并在从句中充当状语，这里也可以用 on

38、which 代替。关系副词 when 引导定语从句时的模糊化 在 when 引导定语从句时，大多数时候定语从句的先行词都是比较明显的时间词，比如：time,year,month 等。但是，有一些抽象的先行词具有模糊时间概念的，比如：stay,visit,occasion,interval,moment,span,age 等。此时，如果定语从句需要用关系副词连接，同样也用 when。例句 1：I will brand my golden stay in Paris on my heart when I led a happy and fruitful life.我会将我在巴黎那段幸福而有收获的日

39、子铭记于心。注释：此时先行词 stay 就是一个具有模糊时间概念的先行词，when 在定语从句中充当时间状语，相当于 during which。例句 2：At the age when other people retire,Francis began the greatest cause in his life.在一个别人退休的年龄，弗朗西斯开始了他一生中最伟大的事业。注释：此时 age 是一个具有模糊概念的先行词，when 在定语从句中充当时间状语，相当于 in which）from which 与 from where 的区别 关于 from which 的用法比较好理解，这里主要说说

40、from where 的用法。from where 主要有以下两个用法：一：用于引导非限制性定语从句，在意义上相当于 and from there（从那儿）。如：He hid himself in a tree,from where he could see the enemy in the distance.他躲在一棵树上，从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。7 We went up to the roof,from where we had a good view of the procession.我们爬上屋顶，从那儿可以很好地观看游行。二：可视为where前省略了the place，即这样用的

41、from where 相当于from the place where，意思是“从的地方”“离的地方”。如：From where I stood I could see everything clearly.从我站的地方我一切都看得清清楚楚。The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood.汽车在离我站的地方仅几英寸处突然停住。The school was only a few blocks from where she lived.学校离她的住所只有几个街区的距离。若遇到前面是地点名词的先行词，如何判断用 where 还是 f

42、rom where 还是 from which?请看下面一个句子：I have bought that house,_I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge.我们认为这道题填 where 和 from where 语法上都可以（但不宜填 from which），但两者在意义上稍有区别：I have bought that house,where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge.我买下了那栋房子，在房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。I have bought that hou

43、se,from where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge.我买下了那栋房子，从房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。在许多情况下，用不用 from 不会导致语法错误，但会导致语义变化（通常情况下是，如果没有 from，意思会不够明确和清楚）。比较：He hid himself under the bed,from where he could hear what they were talking.他躲在床下面，他可以从床下听到他们谈话。（句中的 from where 可理解为 from under the bed，意思是“从床下面

44、”）He hid himself under the bed,where he could hear what they were talking.他躲在床下面，在床那儿他听到他们谈话。（句中的 where 可指为“在床边”“在床上”“在床下”等，意思不够明确。在定语从句中，from where 和 from which 如何使用 She stood at the window,_ she could see the park faraway.from where 是从某处.指大概的地方,而 from which 是从哪个.指具体的东西,which 不能代替地点，时间及原因。from 有具体含

45、义，用 from where 更加生动，形象，具体，且符合英语习惯。用 where 时，语义模糊。1.They climbed to the top of the tower,from where they could see what was happening in the distance.2.China is the birthplace of kites,from where kiteflying spread to Japan.3.Soon after getting off his horse,the captain appeared at the second storey w

46、indows,from where he could see nothing but trees.下马不久，上尉就出现在二楼的窗口了。他从那里除了树木什么也没看到.划线部分相当于 and from at the windows不可变为 from which，可用 where，但不如用 from where 更具体 4.She climbed up to the top of the hill,from where she could have a good view of the whole town.她登上山顶，从那里她可以一览全城风光。划线部分相当于,and from on the top

47、 of the hill 或 from on the top of which,不可变为 from which，也可直接用 where引导，但语义较为含糊，不如用 from where 更加生动、形象、具体 5.We went up to the roof,from where we had a good view of the procession.我们爬到屋顶，在那儿我们可以一览整个行进队伍.划线部分可理解为 and from on the top of the roof 或 from on the top of which，用 from which 是不对的，直接用 where 仍显不具

48、体，不形象。6、China is the birth place of kites,from where kiteflying spread to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.中国是风筝的故乡，在那里风筝传到日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。这里 from 正与下文的 spread to 构成一个整体，可理解为 from near/around this place，如若把 from where 换为 where 显然是讲不通的，改成 from which,能够讲得通，但不太符合英语习惯。7、The car stopped suddenly only a few inc

49、hes from where I stood.那辆小汽车就在我站的地方仅几英寸处忽然停下了。（引导状语从句）这里的划线部分中 where 引导的是宾语从句，与 from 一起作地点状语从句。8 特殊类型定语从句 1.Is this factory _ we visited last year?2.Is this the factory-we visited last year?A.where B in which C the one D which 分析：做 1 题首先要明白一个概念。被定语从句修饰的名词前一般都有 the，因为它已被限定。所以此题还原成陈述句应该是 this factory

50、is_ we visited last year.而不是 this is factory _ we visited last year.不能选 A,B,D。因为句子没有先行词。所以答案是 C。从句前省略了关系代词 that/which。2 题先行词是 the factory,在从句中做宾语,关系代词that/which/省略 3.This is the last time _ I shall give you a lesson.A.when B that C which D in which 分析：答案是 B。此处 time 是次数。因此用 that 引导。4.I dont like the