高考英语语法精讲精练精析-代词和数词41475.pdf

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1、 第 1 页 共 24 页 专题二 代词和数词 一、代词 在句子中代替名词或名词词组的词。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。1人称代词还有主格和宾格之分，在句中作主语和宾语。它有人称、数和格的变化。I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.2物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，它有形容词性和名词性两种。形容词性物主代词相当于形容词的性质，放在名词之前，在句中常作定语。名词性物主代词相当于名词，后面不能使用名词，在句中作主语、宾语和表语。Their school

2、 is twice as big as ours.3反身代词是由第一人称、第二人称形容词性物主代词和第三人称代词宾格，后面加词尾self 或者 selves 构成。反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系，在人称、性、数上保持一致。反身代词在句中可用作动词宾语、介词宾语、表语和同位语。Tom taught himself maths when he was 10 years old.4指示代词是用来指示或标志人或事物的代词。它们主要有：this,that,these,those。指示代词所指的对象取决于谈话双方都熟悉的语境。指示代词在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。This car

3、is not mine.That one over there is mine.5疑问代词是引导的疑问句为特殊疑问句。一般放在疑问句的句首。疑问代词有 who，whom，whose，what，which。其中 who，whom，whose 只能指人，what 和 which 可指人或物。Which of the two boys is your younger brother?6 不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。不定代词有：some,any,no和 every 以及这些词与one,body 和thing 构成的复合词。它们在句中可作主语和宾语等成分。Miss Liu is su

4、ch a good teacher that everyone in our school likes her.7相互代词主要有 each other 和 one another。8关系代词主要用在定语从句中。二、数词 第 2 页 共 24 页 数词：表示数目多少或顺序多少的词，数词分为基数词和序数词。基数词：表示数目多少的数词。序数词：表示顺序的数词。一、英语中代词的相关知识庞杂，在语言使用中有极为频繁。虽然代词的用法看似简单，但其实并不容易。一般说来，高考试题中主要对人称代词、反身代词和不定代词进行考查，常见的有以下几种情况：1人称代词和反身代词作宾语 人称代词主要用来代替表示人的名词或词

5、组，有人称、数、性和格之分，在句中常作主语、宾语和补语。反身代词由“物主代词 self(selves)”构成，在句中可作宾语、补语和同位语。This car doesnt belong to me.It belongs to my sister.Treat yourself to a glass of wine to help you relax at the end of the day.2one,it 和 that 的用法 one 指代上文的单数名词，泛指不特定的名词，ones 为其复数形式；the one 代替前面的单数名词，表示特指，往往其后有定语。it 指代前面提到过的名词，即前面提

6、到的那个特定的事物。that 代替上文出现过的名词；它既可替代单数可数名词，也可替代不可数名词。Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,one I will always treasure.I am looking for my pen,but I havent found it.We all know the weather in the south is much warmer than that in the north.3some,every,no 和 any 及其构成的复合不定代词的用法 s

7、omething(body/one),anything(body),everything(body),nothing(body)等在句中可作主语、宾语等成分，在试题中一般通过具体的语境来考查。Jim sold most of his things.He has hardly anything left in the house.I agree with most of what you said,but I cant agree with everything.4all,any,none,both,either 和 neither 的用法 What do you think of the pe

8、rformance today?Great!None but a musical genius could perform so successfully.I had to buy all these books because I didnt know which one was the best.含义 两者 三者或三者以上 都 both all 第 3 页 共 24 页 任何一个 either any 都不 neither none 5the other,another 和 the others,others 的用法 I dont like this dress,so please sho

9、w me another.Some are dancing and singing;others are listening to stories.another 指三者或三者以上中事物的“另一个”。the other 指两个事物中的“另一个”。others 指不定的“其他的人或事物”。the others 在一个固定范围之内的“其余的；其他的”。二、复习数词时要注意以下几点：1在序数词前可以加不定冠词 a 表示“再一；又一”之意。We will have to do it a second time.I have had a third apple.2分数的表示法 英语中分数的写法我们可以记

10、住下面的口诀：分子基数词，分母序数词。分子大于一，分母用复数。About threefourths of the surface of the earth is covered by water.One third of the pupils in our class like playing football.3倍数的表示法 倍数的表示方法是高考的重点，常见的有以下三种形式：(1)倍数 as 形容词/副词 as It is said that our new school is three times as big as our present one.(2)倍数形容词/副词的比较级 tha

11、n There are twice more students in our school than in theirs.(3)倍数 the size(length,height.)of The new building is five times the size of the old one.4hundred,thousand,million,score 和 dozen 等词的用法 hundred 和 thousand 等词和具体数字连用时要用单数形式，与 of 连用时要用复数形式。第 4 页 共 24 页 There are more than three thousand studen

12、ts in their school.Millions of people watched the games on TV last night.5年代或岁数的表达方法 表示年代和岁数时用逢十的基数词的复数形式来表示。In the 1990s,when he was in his thirties,he went abroad for further study.It is not rare in the 1980s that people in their fifties are going to university for further education.6编号的表达法 第一课 Le

13、sson One/The First Lesson 502 房间 Room 502 新府路 88 号 88 Xinfu Road 新泰一中 XinTai No.1 Middle School 7数词的修饰语表示“大约”的常用词语有 about,nearly,some,around 或 or so。表示“超过”的常用词语有 over 或 more than。表示“不超过；少于”用 less than 或 fewer than。The sea covers nearly threefourths of the worlds surface.The oil wells will all run dr

14、y in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.Even under the best conditions,we couldnt finish in less than three days.高考真题探究（20062011）【2011 湖南卷)26】One third of the country _covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_black people.A.is;are B.is;is C.are;are D.are;is【答案】A【考点】考查主谓一致。【解析】整

15、个国家为整体，三分之一的部分当然也应用单数；而 the majority of citizens 主要指人，是可数名词，此时的谓语动词用复数，表示“大多数，大部分”。10 全国Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _ 第 5 页 共 24 页 evening dress.A.wear B.wears C.has worn D.have worn 答案B 考点考查主谓一致和时态。解析首先 the only one of.为先行词时,定语从句修饰的是 one,即 one 是主语,而非后面的复数 wome

16、n,根据主谓一致的原则,谓语动词应该用复数,排除 A,D。另外,从“is”可以看出句子是要表示一种习惯,因此要用一般现在时,排除 C,故选 A 07 浙江It is reported that the floods have left about people homeless.A.two thousand B.two-thousands C.two thousands D.two thousands of 答案A 考点本题考查数词的用法。解析hundred,thousand,million,billion,dozen,score 等指具体数字时,不用复数形式；指大约数字时,常用复数形式。如：

17、one hundred,two thousand,three million,hundreds/thousands/millions/billions/dozens/scores of。06 北京She went to the bookstore and bought .A.dozen books B.dozens books C.dozen of books D.dozens of books 答案D 考点本题考查 dozen 的用法。解析dozen 意为“一打,十二个”,与数词连用时要用单数形式。与 of 连用时要用复数形式。dozens of 意为“若干,许许多多”。dozen 与数词或

18、 many,several 连用时其后不加 s；dozen 前有基数词表示确切数字时,其后一般不与 of 连用。【2011全国卷 II,11】I got this bicycle for ;My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.A.everything B.something C.anything D.nothing【答案】D【考点】考查复合不定代词的用法。【解析】句意为“我没花钱就得了这辆自行车；我的朋友买了一辆新车，就把这辆给了我。”根据后面“gave it to me”可判断没花钱，nothing 表否定，for 表示交换。因

19、此选 D。【2011 北京卷,34】The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase .第 6 页 共 24 页 A.them B.those C.it D.that【答案】C【考点】考查代词 it 的用法。【解析】句意为“由于当地政府的努力，大城市里的就业率持续升高。”it 代指前面交代过的“the employment rate”，是单数，而 them 和 those 是复数。因此选 C。【2011 天津卷,1】

20、We feel our duty to make our country a better place.A.it B.this C.that D.one【答案】A【考点】考查代词 it 的用法。【解析】句意为“我们觉得将我们的国家变得更好是我们的职责。”it 在此句中充当形式宾语，代指“to make our country a better place”。因此选 A。【2011 上海春招,26】They produced two reports,_ of which contained any useful suggestions.A.either B.all C.none D.neithe

21、r【答案】D【考点】考查不定代词的用法。【解析】句意为“他们提供了两份报告，没有一份报告含有任何有用的建议。”neither 两个都不；either 两者之一，但后半句里的“any useful suggestions”与否定连用；all 与 none 指三个或三个以上，与前面的“two reports”不相一致。因此选 D。【2011 山东卷,24】The two girls are so alike that strangers find _ difficult to tell one from the other.A.it B.them C.her D.that【答案】A【考点】考查 i

22、t 的用法。【解析】句意为“这两个女孩长得很相像，不熟悉的人很难将她俩区分开来。”it 在此句中充当形式宾语，代指“to tell one from the other”。因此选 A。【2011 福建卷,21】We have various summer camps for your holidays.You can choose _ based on your own interests.A.either B.each C.one D.it【答案】C 第 7 页 共 24 页【考点】考查不定代词 one 的用法。【解析】句意为“在你们的假期里，我们这儿有各种暑期夏令营，你们可以根据自己的兴趣

23、任选一个。”one 代替单数可数名词，表泛指，相当于“a/an+单数名词”。这里泛指某个summer camp 夏令营。因此选 C。【2011 安徽卷,22】Surprisingly,Susans beautiful hair reached below her knees and made_ almost an overcoat for her.A.them B.her C.itself D.herself【答案】C【考点】考查反身代词的用法。【解析】句意为“令人惊叹的是，Susan 美丽的长发垂到她的膝盖下面，就像一件外套似的。”反身代词 itself 指的是前面提到的 beautiful

24、 hair。而 them,her 和 herself 指的都是人。因此选 C。【2011 浙江卷,7】Since people are fond of humor,it is as welcome in conversation as _ else.A.anything B.something C.anywhere D.somewhere【答案】C【考点】考查不定代词的用法。【解析】句意为“人们喜爱幽默，所以，在谈话中或者别的什么地方的幽默都受人欢迎。”疑问副词 anywhere 与 else 连用，表示（除了 in conversation 的）其他任何地方，表示场合的。而 anything

25、 和 something 是表示超越场合的事物。因此选 C。【2011 四川卷,3】There is in his words.We should have a try.A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything【答案】A【考点】考查不定代词的用法。【解析】句意为“他的话有些道理，我们应该试一试。”something 指不简单的事、可观的成绩、有些地位的人。因此选 A。【2011 重庆卷,27】Silly me!I forget what my luggage looks like.What do you think of over there?

26、A.the one B.this C.it D.that【答案】D 第 8 页 共 24 页【考点】考查指示代词的用法。【解析】句意为“我真傻！想不起来自己的行李是什么样子的。你看看那边的是不是你的？”指示代词 that 指时间与空间上较远的事物，over there 交代了空间上的远距离。this 指时间与空间上较近的事物，the one 和 it 都特指前面曾经交代过的事物。结合语境，选 D。【2011 陕西卷,16】Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen,dear?one?A.Other B.Every C.Another

27、 D.More【答案】C【考点】考查不定代词与数词的连用。【解析】句意为“亲爱的，可不可以到厨房里给我拿一块巧克力来？还要吃一块？”another 与数词连用时，数词放在 another 的后面，如 another three chairs;other 和 more与数词连用时，数词放在它们的前面，如 one more apple,two other boys；every 指每一个，含义与 all 接近。因此选 C。【2011 湖南卷,24】I knew that _ would ever discourage him;he would never give up wanting to be

28、a director.A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing【答案】D【考点】考查不定代词的用法。【解析】句意为“我知道没有什么能够阻止他；他决不会放弃做一名导演的念头。”根据后面“never give up”可知前面相应地也要用否定性的不定代词 nothing。因此选 D。【2011 辽宁卷,27】Would you like tea or coffee?,thank you.Ive just had some water.A.Either B.Both C.Any D.Neither【答案】D【考点】考查不定代词的用法。【解析】句意为“你

29、是想喝茶还是咖啡？谢谢你，都不想喝。我刚才已经喝了水了。”通过后面“Ive just had some water”可以判定是拒绝 tea 和 coffee。neither“两者中哪个都不”，其所指范围是两个人或物；either 表示“两者中的任何一个”；both“两个都”，修饰可数名词，统指两者；any 用于肯定句，作“任何的”解。因此选 D。第 9 页 共 24 页【2011 江西卷 25】Why dont you bring _ to his attention that youre too ill to work on?A.that B.it C.his D.him【答案】B【考点】考

30、查代词 it 作形式宾语的用法。【解析】句意为“为什么你不让他注意到你病得太严重了以至于不能工作下去？”it 作形式宾语，指代句子后面 that 引导的宾语从句。因此选 B。10 福建When you introduce me to Mr.Johnson,could you please say for me?A.everything B.anything C.something D.nothing 答案C 考点考查不定代词的辨析 解析句子的意思是当你向 Mr.John 介绍我的时候,你可以为我说一些好话吗?A.everything 所有的；B.anything 任何事；D nothing 什

31、么也没有 C.something 表示一些,某些 10 上海If our parents do everything for us children,we wont learn to depend on A.themselves B.them C.us D.ourselves 答案D 考点本题考查反身代词 解析主语为 we,因此应为 ourselves.depend on oneself:自力更生。根据句意,选 D。10 安徽You are a team star!Working with_ is really your cup of tea.A.both B.either C.others

32、D.the other 答案C 考点本题考查不定代词的用法。解析 句意为“你是球队明星！与他人合作必须是你喜欢做的事。”习语“ones cup of tea”意为“the type of thing or person that you like”。10 山东Helping others is a habit,_ you can learn even at an early age.A.it B.that C.what D.one 答案D 考点本题考查代词的用法。解析句意应为”帮助别人是一种习惯,一个你在很小时就能学会的习惯。”空格处与前句中的 habit 构成同位关系,所以选择 D 项。句中

33、 you can learn even at an early age 是省略 第 10 页 共 24 页 了关系代词 that 的定语从句,that 在定语从句中作 learn 的宾语使用。10 天津 in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum.A.Anything B.Nothing C.Everything D.Something 答案B 考点考查复合不定代词的用法。解析nothing 用于句中表示否定意义,而其他三个词则表示肯定意义。句意：我一生中什么都没有我第一次参观故宫给我的印象更

34、深刻。10 陕西The cost of renting a house in central Xian is higher than _ in any other area of the city.A.that B.this C.it D.one 答案A 考点考查代词。解析所填词用于比较状语从句中,指代句子的主语 cost,即指代不可数名词,用 that。This 指代下文即将提到的事物；it 指代“同一物”；one 指代“同类中的一个”之意。10 四川On my desk is a photo that my father took of when I was a baby.A.him B.

35、his C.me D.mine 答案C 考点考查代词。解析take a photo of sb 意为给某人照相,此处应用人称代词的宾格。正确答案为 C。10 全国Neither side is prepared to talk to _unless we can smooth things over between them.A.others B.the other C.another D.one other 答案B 考点考查不定代词。解析 Neither 含有“两者都不”之意,一方对应另一方,故用 the other 指“两者中的另一个”。10 重庆He had lost his tempe

36、r and his health in the war and never found of them again.A.neither B.either C.each D.all 答案B 第 11 页 共 24 页 考点考查代词。解析 由“his temper and health”可以排除C项和D项,由后面的never表否定,选either,never either 是全部否定,相当于 neither。10 重庆 To improve the quality of our products,we asked for suggestions had used the products.A.wh

37、atever B.who C.whichever D.which 答案A 考点考查关系代词。解析这儿_ used the products。是个宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,并且指人,所以用 whoever.10 浙江 thats important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction.AOne BAll CEverything DAnything 答案B 考点本题考查不定代词。解析分析四个选项的意思,根据语境：重要的是你正在努力并且朝着正确的方向前行。从而判断此处选择 all 意思最合适。09 山东I

38、 felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face _ day like that.A.other B.another C.the other D.others 答案B 考点本题考查与 other 相关的单词的区别,解析由题意知：我昨天一整天感到很糟糕,以至于我今天早晨决定我不会面对那样的一天。是指在未来的日子中的一天,故用 another.09 陕西Jane was asked a lot of questions,but she didnt answer_of them.A.other B.an

39、y C.none D.some 答案B 考点考查不定代词。解析所填词与 not 构成全部否定,四个选项中只有 any 与 not 可以构成 not any,等于none,表全部否定,故选 B。第 12 页 共 24 页 09 上海Wow!Youve got so many clothes.But _ of them are in fashion now.A.all B.both C.neither D.none 答案D 考点考查不定代词的用法。解析由 but 可知后句句意发生转折,前句中 so many clothes 表示“多数”故应选 D。09 全国 IOne of the most im

40、portant questions they had to consider was of public health A.what B.this C.that D.which 答案C 考点考查不定代词的用法。解析句意为：他们必须考虑其中最重要的问题是公共卫生。考查 that 作代词,that 作代词,往往用于特指,相当于“that名词”,它也只能代替事情不能代替人。09 陕西Jane was asked a lot of questions,but she didnt answer of them.A.other B.any C.none D.some 答案B 考点考查不定代词。解析所填词与

41、 not 构成全部否定,四个选项中只有 any 与 not 可以构成 not any,等于none,表全部否定,故选 B。09 四川I like this house with a beautiful garden in front,but I dont have enough money to buy_.A.one B.it C.this D.that 答案B 考点考查不定代词的用法。解析意思是：我喜欢这个前面有一个美丽花园的房子,但是我没有足够多的钱去把它买下来。第一句话中的 this house 表明在该语境中是特指的用法,所以答案为 it,表示特指。该题容易误选 one,要注意的是 o

42、ne 表示泛指。09 浙江Ive read another book this week.Well,maybe _ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.A.this B.that C.there D.it 第 13 页 共 24 页 答案D 考点考查强调句型。解析句中“not how much you read”足以做动词 count 的主语,所以选 D 使之构成强调句型。09 全国 IICharles was alone at home,with looking after him.A.someone B.anyone

43、 C.not one D.no one 答案D 考点考查不定代词的用法。解析根据句子提供的信息 alone 可知没有人照顾他。故用代词 no one。09 全国 IIThe CDs are on sale!Buy one and you get completely free.A.other B.others C.one D.ones 答案C 考点考查不定代词的用法。解析句子可以还原为 Buy a CD and you get a free CD。one 替代 a+可数名词单数。09 重庆Over the past 20 years,the Internet helped change our

44、 world in_ way or another for the better.A.any B.one C.every D.either 答案B 考点考查代词的用法。解析one or another 的用法“无论如何”。在过去的二十年里,互联网在这样或那样的方面帮助我们的世界变得更好。09 江苏Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with _ of their parents.A.those B.on

45、e C.both D.that 答案D 考点考查代词的用法。解析代 are expected 08 全国 IWhich of the two computer games did you prefer?Actually I didnt like _.A.both of them B.either of them C.none of them D.neither of them 第 14 页 共 24 页 答案B 考点考查代词的用法。解析考查部分否定与全部否定。I didnt like either of them.相当于 I liked neither of them.。08 全国 IThe

46、English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from _ spoken in England.A.which B.what C.that D.the one 答案C 考点考查代词的用法。解析that 用来代替前面出现的 the English。08 安徽The two girls are getting on very well and share _ with each other.A.little B.much C.some D none 答案B 考点考查代词的用法。解析 句意为：这两个女孩现在相处得很好,她

47、们互相分享很多东西。much 作代词时,意为“许多”,而 some 只是“一些”。08 福建How do you find your new classmates?Most of them are kind,but _is so good to me as Bruce.A.none B.no one C.every one D.some one 答案A 考点考查代词的用法。解析but 表示前后语意转折,根据语境应排除 C、D 两项；no one 仅指人,表示泛指；none 既指人又指物,用 none 时要有一定的范围,本题中暗含“none of them”的意思。08 湖南Our nerghb

48、ors gave _ a baby bird yesterday that hurt _ when it fell from its nest.A.us,it B.us,itself C.ourselves,itself D.ourselves,it 答案B 考点考查代词的用法。解析句意为：昨天我们的邻居给了我们一只雏鸟,这只雏鸟从窝里摔下来时受了伤。第一空给“我们”,应用 us；第二空“鸟伤到了自己”,故用反身代词 itself。第 15 页 共 24 页 08 山东Make sure youve got the passports and tickets and _ before you

49、leave.A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing 答案C 考点考查代词的用法。解析句意为：在你离开之前,确保你带好护照、票以及所有的一切。something 指某件东西；anything 任何一件东西,强调个体；everything 强调整体,由句意可知 C 项正确。08 江西Isnt it amazing how the human body heals _after an injury?A.himself B.him C.itself D.it 答案C 考点考查代词的用法。解析此处用 itself 指代人体自身。08 辽宁Could y

50、ou tell me how to get to Victoria Street?Victoria Street?_ is where the Grand Theatre is.A.Such B.There C.That D.This 答案C 考点考查代词的用法。解析句意为：“你能告诉我怎么去维多利亚大街吗？”“维多利亚大街？那是 Grand Theatre 所在的地方。”用 that 替代上文的 Victoria Street。08 陕西He doesnt have _ furniture in his room-just an old desk.A.any B.many C.some D.