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1、personify the vanishing aristocracy of the South,still maintaining a black servant and being ruthless betrayed by a moneymaking Yan ee.Sometimes a part of a character s body or an attribute may conveymbolic meaning,for example,a baleful eye in Edgar Allan PoeThe Tell-Tale Heart4.Symbol use d in wor

2、ks of fictio n is the symbolic act Another ind of symbol commonly emplo ed in work of fiction is the symbolic act:an act or a gesture with larger significance than its literal meaning.Captain Ahab in MelvilleMoby-Dick deliberately snaps his tobacco pipe and throws it away before setting out in pursu

3、it of the huge whale,a gesture suggesting that he is determined to ta e his revenge and will let nothing to distract him from it.Another typical symbolic act is the burning of the barn by the boy s father in Faulkner s Barn Burning it is an act of no mere destroying a barn,but an expression of his p

4、rofound spite and hatred towards that class of people who have driven his family out of his land.His hatred extends to anything he does not possess himself and,beyond that,burning a barn reflects the father s memories of the waste and extravagance of war and the element of fire spoke to some deep ma

5、inspring in his being.5.A symbol is a trope In a broad literary sense,a symbol is a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an necessary or suggestive aspect.However,in literary criticism it is necessary to distinguish symbol from image,metaphor,and,especially,allegory.An image An im

6、age is a literal and concrete representation of a sensory experience or of an object that can be known by one or more of the senses.It is the means by which experience in its richness and emotional complexity is communicated.(Holman and Harmon,A Handbook to Literature,1986)Images may be literal or f

7、igurative,a literal image being one that involves no necessary change or extension in the obvious meaning of the words.Prose works are usually full of this kind of image.For example,novels and stories by Conard and Hemingway are noted for the evocative power of their literal images.A figurative imag

8、e is one that involves a turn on the literary meaning of the words.For example,in the lines It is a beauteous evening,calm and free;/The holy time is quiet as a nun,the second line is highly figurative while the first line evo es a literal image.We consider an image,whether literal or figurative,to

9、have a concrete referent in the objective world and to function as image when it powerfully evo es that referent;whereas a symbol functions like an image but differs from it in going beyond the evocation of the objective referent by making that referent suggest to the reader a meaning beyond itself.

10、In other words,a sy smbol is an image that evo es an objective,concrete reality,but then that reality suggests another level of meaning directly;it evo es an object that suggests the meaning,with the emphasis being laid on the latter part.As Coleridge said,It parta es of the reality which it renders

11、 intelligible.Metaphor A metaphor is an implied analogy imaginatively identifying one object with another and ascribing to the first object one or more of the qualities of the second,or investing the first with emotional or imaginative qualities associated with the second.It is not an uncommon liter

12、acy device in fiction,thou gh it is more commonly used in poetry while simile is more commonly used in prose.A metaphor emphasizes rich suggestiveness in the differences between the things compared and the recognition of surprising but unsuspected similarities.Cleanth Brooks uses the term functional

13、 metaphor to describe the way in which the metaphor is able to have referential and emotive characteristics,and to go beyond those characteristics to become a direct means in itself of representing a truth incommunicable by other means.When a metaphor performs this function,it is behavin g as a symb

14、ol.But a symbol differs from a metaphor in that a metaphor evokes an object in order to illustrate an idea or demonstrate a quality,whereas a symbol embodies the idea or the quality.Allegory An allegory is a story in which persons,places,actions,and things are equated with meanings that lie outside

15、of the story itself.Thus it represents one thing in the guise of anotheran abstraction in the form of a concrete image.A clear example is the old Arab fable of the frog and scorpion,who me one day on the ban of the Nile,which they both wanted to cross.The frog offered to ferry the scorpion over on h

16、is bac,provided the scorpion promised not to sting him.The scorpion agreed so long as the frog would promise not to drown him.The mutual promise exchanged,they crossed the river.On the far bank the scorpion stung the frog mortally.Why did you do that?croaked the frog,as he lay dying.Why replied the

17、scorpion.We re both Arabs,aren t we If we substitute for the frog a Mr.Goodwill and for the scorpion Mr.Treachery or Mr.Two-face,and we make the river any river,and for We re both Arabs we substitute We re both men,we can make the fable into an allegory.In a simple allegory,characters and other ingr

18、edients of ten stand for other definite meanings,which are often abstractions.We have met such a character in the last chapter:Faith in Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown.A classical allegory is the medieval play Everyman,whose protagonist represents us all,and who,deserted by false friends named Kindd

19、red and Goods,faces the judgment of God accompanied only b a faithful friend called Good Deeds.In John BunyanPilgrim Progress the protagonist,Christian,struggles along the difficult road towards salvation,meeting along the way with such persons as Mr.Worldly Wiseman,who directs him into a comfortabl

20、e path(a wrong turn),and the resident of a town called Fair Speech,among them a hypocrite named Mr.Facing-both-ways.One modern instance is George OrwellAnimal Farm in which(among its double meanings)barnyard animals stand for human victims and totalitarian oppressors.Allegory attempts to evo e a dua

21、l interest,one in the events,characters,and setting presented,and the other in the ideas they are intended to convey or the significance they bear.Symbol differs from allegory,according to Coleridge,in that in allegory the objective referent evokes is without value until it acquires fixed meaning fr

22、om its own particular structure of ideas,whereas a symbol includes permanent objective value,independent of the meanings that it may suggest.In a broad sense,all stories are symbolic,that is,the writer lends the characters and their actions some special significance.Of course,this is to think of sy

23、mbol in an extremely broad and inclusive way.For the usual purpose of reading a story and understanding it,there is probably little point in looking for sy mbolism in every word,in every stick or stone,in every striking fo a match,in every minor character.But to refuse to thin about the symbolic mea

24、nings would be another way to misread a story.So to be on the alert for symbols when reading fiction is perhaps wiser than to ignore them.How,then,do we recognize a symbol in fiction when we meet it?Fortunately,the storyteller often givens the symbol particular emphasis.It may be mentioned repeatedl

25、 throughout the story;it may even be indicated in the title(Araby,Barn Burning,A Clean,Well-Ligh ted Place).At times,a crucial symbol will open a story or end it.Unless an object,act,or character is given some special emphasis and importance,we may generall feel safe in taking it at face value.But a

26、n object,an act,or a character is surely symbolic if,when we finish the story,we realize that it was that burning of a barnwhich led us to the theme,the essential meaning of the story.Chapter EighImage The image is seen as being one of two things:something that represents a thing in the“real”world;s

27、omething is seen as its own thing,divorced from the burden of representing anything other than itself.What Is Image?“An image is tha t which represents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.”(Ezra Pound)In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals

28、 on a wet,black bough.地铁车站人群粉面幽灵黝湿枝头花瓣Imagery,a rather vague critical term covering those uses of language in a literary work that evo e senseimpressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or concrete objects,scenes,actions,or states,as distinct from the language of abstract argument

29、or exposition.The imagery of a literary work thus comprises the set ofimages that it uses;these need not be mental pictures,but may appeal to senses other than sight.Images suggesting further meanings and associations in ways that go beyond the fairly simple identifications of metaphor and simile ar

30、e often called symbols.The Five Senses Resp onding to Imaginative language Visual Imagery:Imagery of Sight Visual imagery is different from visual perception because visual perception requires the object to be actually present and visual imagery does not.Aural Imagery:Imagery of Sound Auditory image

31、ry is something that represents a sound,which can be revealed both in poems and stories.Olfactory Imagery:Imagery of Smell Olfactory imagery stimulates the sense of smell,which olfactions un ique cognitive architecture of evocation have led some to conclude that there is no capacity for olfactory im

32、agery.a.Self-reports of olfactory can resemble those obtained for actual perception.b.Imaging an odor can produce effects similar to actual perception.c.Olfactory perception and memorybased images can interact.4.Tactile Imagery:Imagery of Touch Tactile imagery stimulates the sense of touch,which is

33、also called Haptic Imagery.5.Gustatory Imagery:Imagery of Taste Gustatory imagery stimulates the sense of taste.“Have a dill pickle,he said.He wanted to share with us:That seemed to me so right,soyou know what I mean?”From A Dill Pickle by Katherine Mansfield personify the vanishing aristocracy of t

34、he South,still maintaining a black servant and being ruthless betrayed by a moneymaking Yan ee.Sometimes a part of a character s body or an attribute may conveymbolic meaning,for example,a baleful eye in Edgar Allan PoeThe Tell-Tale Heart4.Symbol use d in wor ks of fictio n is the symbolic act Anoth

35、er ind of symbol commonly emplo ed in work of fiction is the symbolic act:an act or a gesture with larger significance than its literal meaning.Captain Ahab in MelvilleMoby-Dick deliberately snaps his tobacco pipe and throws it away before setting out in pursuit of the huge whale,a gesture suggestin

36、g that he is determined to ta e his revenge and will let nothing to distract him from it.Another typical symbolic act is the burning of the barn by the boy s father in Faulkner s Barn Burning it is an act of no mere destroying a barn,but an expression of his profound spite and hatred towards that cl

37、ass of people who have driven his family out of his land.His hatred extends to anything he does not possess himself and,beyond that,burning a barn reflects the father s memories of the waste and extravagance of war and the element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring in his being.5.A symbol is a tr

38、ope In a broad literary sense,a symbol is a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an necessary or suggestive aspect.However,in literary criticism it is necessary to distinguish symbol from image,metaphor,and,especially,allegory.An image An image is a literal and concrete representa

39、tion of a sensory experience or of an object that can be known by one or more of the senses.It is the means by which experience in its richness and emotional complexity is communicated.(Holman and Harmon,A Handbook to Literature,1986)Images may be literal or figurative,a literal image being one that

40、 involves no necessary change or extension in the obvious meaning of the words.Prose works are usually full of this kind of image.For example,novels and stories by Conard and Hemingway are noted for the evocative power of their literal images.A figurative image is one that involves a turn on the lit

41、erary meaning of the words.For example,in the lines It is a beauteous evening,calm and free;/The holy time is quiet as a nun,the second line is highly figurative while the first line evo es a literal image.We consider an image,whether literal or figurative,to have a concrete referent in the objectiv

42、e world and to function as image when it powerfully evo es that referent;whereas a symbol functions like an image but differs from it in going beyond the evocation of the objective referent by making that referent suggest to the reader a meaning beyond itself.In other words,a sy smbol is an image th

43、at evo es an objective,concrete reality,but then that reality suggests another level of meaning directly;it evo es an object that suggests the meaning,with the emphasis being laid on the latter part.As Coleridge said,It parta es of the reality which it renders intelligible.Metaphor A metaphor is an

44、implied analogy imaginatively identifying one object with another and ascribing to the first object one or more of the qualities of the second,or investing the first with emotional or imaginative qualities associated with the second.It is not an uncommon literacy device in fiction,thou gh it is more

45、 commonly used in poetry while simile is more commonly used in prose.A metaphor emphasizes rich suggestiveness in the differences between the things compared and the recognition of surprising but unsuspected similarities.Cleanth Brooks uses the term functional metaphor to describe the way in which t

46、he metaphor is able to have referential and emotive characteristics,and to go beyond those characteristics to become a direct means in itself of representing a truth incommunicable by other means.When a metaphor performs this function,it is behavin g as a symbol.But a symbol differs from a metaphor

47、in that a metaphor evokes an object in order to illustrate an idea or demonstrate a quality,whereas a symbol embodies the idea or the quality.Allegory An allegory is a story in which persons,places,actions,and things are equated with meanings that lie outside of the story itself.Thus it represents o

48、ne thing in the guise of anotheran abstraction in the form of a concrete image.A clear example is the old Arab fable of the frog and scorpion,who me one day on the ban of the Nile,which they both wanted to cross.The frog offered to ferry the scorpion over on his bac,provided the scorpion promised no

49、t to sting him.The scorpion agreed so long as the frog would promise not to drown him.The mutual promise exchanged,they crossed the river.On the far bank the scorpion stung the frog mortally.Why did you do that?croaked the frog,as he lay dying.Why replied the scorpion.We re both Arabs,aren t we If w

50、e substitute for the frog a Mr.Goodwill and for the scorpion Mr.Treachery or Mr.Two-face,and we make the river any river,and for We re both Arabs we substitute We re both men,we can make the fable into an allegory.In a simple allegory,characters and other ingredients of ten stand for other definite