2020年高考英语精选考点专项突破22阅读理解(环境保护类)11474.pdf

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1、 1 专题 22 阅读理解（环境保护类）1.C【2019浙江卷】California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s,according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of Califor

2、nia forests,the new study finds.No area was spared or unaffected,from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles.In the Sierra high country,the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent;in parts of southern California the decline was ne

3、arly 75 percent.Many factors contributed to the decline,said Patrick Mclntyre,an ecologist who was the lead author of the study.Woodcutters targeted big trees.Housing development pushed into the woods.Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with

4、big trees for resources(资源).But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010,Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.The loss o

5、f big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage.The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed,taking into account such things as rainfall,air temperature,

6、dampness of soil,and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).Since the 1930s,Mclntyre said,the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures,which cause trees to lose more water to the air,and earlier snowmelt,which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry s

7、eason.27.What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.B.The increasing variety of California big trees.C.The distribution of big trees in California forests.D.The influence of farming on big trees in California.28.Which of the following is well-intention

8、ed but may be bad for big trees?A.Ecological studies of forests.B.Banning woodcutting.2 C.Limiting housing development.D.Fire control measures.29.What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?A.Inadequate snowmelt.B.A longer dry season.C.A warmer climate.D.Dampness of the air.30.

9、What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Californias Forests:Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?B.Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon C.Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?D.Patrick Mclntyre:Grow More Big Trees in California【答案】27.A 28.D 29.C 30.A【解析】文章主要讲述了美

10、国加利福尼亚州的森林面临着的巨大危机，大型树木在急剧减少，作者阐述了现象，并分析了其原因。27.A 段落主旨题。根据文章第二段第三句 The number of treesdeclined by 50 percentmore than 55 percent75 percent 等数字可知，该段主要讲述了加州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性，故选 A 项。28.D 推理判断题。根据第三段第三句 Aggressive wildfire controlcompete with resources 可知，由于激进的森林防火措施，虽然一定程度上保护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树争抢资源，从而导致大树数量

11、骤减，所以选 D 项。29.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段 Since the 1930s,McIntyre saidhave been rising temperaturesreduces the water可知，水资源短缺的一个主因是逐渐上升的气候温度，故选 C 项。30.A 主旨大意题。根据全文可知，主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了原因。由此 A 项能很好地概括全文。2.D【2019北京】By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks

12、 to a warming climate，according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton.Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depend

13、ing on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the oceans appearance.3 Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving

14、 off oxygen.When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate.But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend.Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not

15、 only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century.In a world that warms up by 3，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oc

16、eans would occur.The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer.But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener.“Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the

17、 ocean changing.”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing.”42.What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A.The various patterns at the ocean surface.B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C.The way light reflects off marine organisms.D.The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankt

18、on.43.What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Sensitive.B.Beneficial C.Significant D.Unnoticeable 44.What can we learn from the passage?A.Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.B.Dutkiewiczs model aims to project phytoplankton changes C.Phytoplank

19、ton have been used to control global climate D.Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.45.What is the main purpose of the passage？A.To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes B.To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain C.To explain the effects of climate change on oceans D

20、.To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton【答案】42.B 43.A 44.D 45.C【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。主要介绍了由于气候变暖导致海洋微生物发生变化，进而导致海洋 4 颜色的变化。42.B 主旨大意题。第一段的主要讲的是：根据一项新的研究，由于气候变暖，到本世纪末界上的海洋将会更蓝更绿；第二段主要介绍了海洋的颜色取决于浮游植物的种类和浓度。因为气候变化将促进某些地区浮游植物的生长，同时也会减少其他地区浮游植物的数量，从而导致海洋外观的变化。因此文章前两段的主要讲的是“海洋颜色变化的原因”。故选 B。43.A 猜测词义题。

21、根据第三段最后一句可知：气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳来生长，还需要营养物质。因此，此处的“vulnerable”是“易受影响的”意思，即 sensitive。significant 重大的，有意义的；beneficial 有益的；unnoticeable 不明显的。故选 A。44.D 推理判断题。从文章第四段中的“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer.But in some waters,

22、such as those of the Arctic,a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton,and these areas will turn greener.”可知，“有更多浮游植物的海洋看起来更绿。”故选 D。45.C 主旨大意题。根据整篇文章的内容来看，主要解释气候变化会导致海洋颜色的改变，而这种改变主要是因为浮游植物数量的变化，因此本文的主要目的是“解释气候变化对海洋的影响”。故选 C。3.C【2019天津】How does an ecosystem（生态系统）work？What makes the popula

23、tions of different species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.Mos

24、t food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.When a predator（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（猎物），the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various species，they are weakly linked.Food webs may be dominated by many weak links becau

25、se that arrangement is more stable over the long term.If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of them.And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover.The weak

26、 links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web

27、 had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species-including species they did not directly attack.And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true.In the 5 ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial

28、 scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves.These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models.Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward

29、 a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.Prevention is key，scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point（临界点），it is remarkably difficult for them to return.46.What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs

30、？A.The living habits of species in food webs.B.The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.47.A strong link is found between two species when a predator_ A.has a wide food choi

31、ce B.can easily find new prey C.sticks to one prey species D.can quickly move to another place 48.What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.

32、C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.49.What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.B.Rapid economic development threatens anima

33、l habitats.C.Species of commercial value dominate other species.D.Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.50.How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？A.By getting illegal practices under control.B.By stopping us from killing large predators.C.By bringing the

34、broken-down ecosystems back to normal.6 D.By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.【答案】46.B 47.C 48.D 49.A 50.D【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学家通过建了一个数模找到了管理食物网的几个主要原则。体现了人与大自然的和谐。46.B 细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句 with such models,scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs，句中的 pri

35、nciples 与选项 B 中的 rules 对应，故答案为 B。47.C 细节理解题。注意本题中涉及的是 a strong link。根据第二段中的第三句 when a predator always eats huge numbers of a single prey,the two species are strongly linked，知当某一掠食动物只坚持吃一个品种时，它们之间的关系就很强，故答案为 C。48.D 推理判断题。根据第三段中的 small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire

36、 ecosystems 以及其后举的例子知位于实食物网顶端的猎物对其他的物种的数量有着惊人的控制，即使是无直接联系的物种，故答案为 D 其他的物种的数量会有意想不到的变化。49.A 推理判断题。根据第四段中的第一句话 unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true 是这一段的主题句，下面的例子是为了证明它的，根据最后一句，这些行为都大大影响了生态平衡，可知认为的无计划的行为会扰乱生态平衡，故答案为 A。50.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的 preve

37、ntion is key，知预防系统提前发出信号以让人们采取措施防止生态系统被破坏。4.C2018北京卷 Plastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场),and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it,but a new study su

38、ggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene,which accounts for 40%of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours,and th

39、e worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams,or almost 3%of it.To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown,the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物)and applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13%of their mass apparentl

40、y broken down by enzymes(酶)from the worms stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.7 Federica Bertocchini,co-author of the study,says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic.Wax is a complex mixture,but the basic bon

41、d in polyethylene,the carbon-carbon bond,is there as well,she explains,The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.Jennifer DeBruyn,a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee,who was not involved in the study,says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene.B

42、ut compared with previous studies,she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step,DeBruyn says,will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one da

43、y help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.43.What can we learn about the worms in the study?A.They take plastics as their everyday food.B.They are newly

44、evolved creatures.C.They can consume plastics.D.They wind up in landfills.44.According to Jennifer DeBruyn,the next step of the study is to .A.identify other means of the breakdown B.find out the source of the enzyme C.confirm the research findings D.increase the breakdown speed 45.It can be inferre

45、d from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A.help to raise worms B.help make plastic bags C.be used to clean the oceans D.be produced in factories in future 46.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To explain a study method on worms.B.To introduce the diet of a special worm.C.To present

46、a way to break down plastics.8 D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance.【答案】4346 CBDC【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。从环保理念出发，文章围绕一种可以降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟展开，描述了研究进展及虫子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，为塑料污染问题提供了新的思路。43.C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours,and the worms co

47、nsumed and broke down about 92 milligrams,or almost 3%of it.”可知，这些虫子可以消耗聚乙烯购物袋，即塑料袋。故选 C。44.B 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“The next step,DeBruyn says,will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)？”可知，下一步是探究酶的来源。故选 C。45.D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Bu

48、t she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process-not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic”可知研究者希望那些化学物品可以批量生产，而不是将许多虫子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故选 D。46.C 写作意图题。全文都在围绕可以降解垃圾的虫子展开，文章的目的就是向读者呈现这种独特的降解塑料的方式。故选 A。5.2017江苏卷D Old problem，new approaches While clean energy is increasingly

49、used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions(排放)peak.So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change.Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.When

50、it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process.We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.This is why,in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There is no onesize fits all a