学术英语(社科)-Unit.ppt

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1、学术英语学术英语 社科社科Academic English for Social Sciences8 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart PowerPeople often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strength.Is there something more to the concept ofpower?The answer is in the affirmative,at least to some who study political science.This uni

2、t explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Unit ContentsText AText BListeningSpeakingLead-inWritingText CLead-inLead-in taskUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Lead-inTask Work in groups of 3-4.Read the definition of

3、the following expression.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power carrot and stick/carrot or stick:an idiom about power,figuratively(比喻地)used to refer to a policy of offering a combination of rewards and punishment to inducebehaviorBrainstorm and write down what you associate with power.Example:Power

4、 is money./Power is like the sun.Power is(like)_.Now read Text A to see how the authors describe power.Text ACritical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Collocations Signpost language Formal EnglishUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart P

5、ower Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText AnalysisIn Text A the authors explain the complex nature of power from the perspective of political science.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText AnalysisDefinition of power:Power is the term u

6、sed to represent the sum of a countrys capabilities.(Para.2)Forms of power:1)tangible power:military muscle,wealth,etc.2)intangible power:national willpower,diplomatic skills,etc.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText AnalysisCharacteristics of powe

7、r:1.Asset vs.goal1)Power is an asset that can be applied to help countries achieve goals.Analogy between power and moneyPower is akin to money.Money buys things;power causes things to happen.Power is less liquid than money.Power has no standard measurement.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Tex

8、t ACritical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Analogy between money and powerWe all expend money as an asset;We also seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and contingencies.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power 2)Power is also a goal as countries

9、 seek,acquire,or preserve sufficient power to pursue their national goals.Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText AnalysisDebate:The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better.1)some peoples view Countries can become fixated on acquiring pow

10、er,esp.military power.2)critics viewIt is unwise because power is expensive.It spawns insecurity in others.3)realists viewThe real danger is unwise use of the power you have by wasting it on marginal goals.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text AText Anal

11、ysis2.Hard power vs.soft power1)Hard powerDefinition:the ability to make someone else do something or suffer the consequencesCharacteristics:negative incentives(threats,sticks)positive incentives(inducement,carrots)Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text A

12、Text Analysis2.Hard power vs.soft power2)Soft powerDefinition:the ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example.Debate:Which one is more desirable?Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text AView 1:Hard power is more desirable

13、Reasons:Hard power is easier to appreciate as it is easier to see that certain coercive measures or positive incentives have been used and to observe the result.Countries follow other countries lead because they share the same interests,not because of altruistic sentiments such as admiration.View 2:

14、Soft power can be potent point.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ADifficult sentences Because power could be regarded both as an asset and as a goal,this two facets of it cause people to argue if more is always better.The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over wheth

15、er more is always better.(Para.5)Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ADifficult sentencesSome people believe that countries can become fixated on acquiring power,especially military power,beyond what is prudently needed to meet possible exigencies.(Para.5)Some people believe that countries

16、could become so obsessed with power,especially military power,that they embark on an infinite journey to acquire power that is more than exigencies would require.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ADifficult sentences President Bush,who in 2002 professed his“respect for the values,judgment

17、,and interests of our friends and partners”,but who also asserted,“We will be prepared to act apart”if necessary and“will not allow disagreements with allies to obscure our determination to secure our fundamental interests and values.”(Para.9)In 2002,President Bush declared that he respected the val

18、ues,judgment,and interests of their friends and partners,but he believed that Americans would not allow their allies to prevent Americans from protecting their own interests and values.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text AGroup discussion Form groups of 4-5 and have a discussion about the s

19、oft power the following countries have:1)the U.S.2)The U.K.3)ChinaUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Specialized vocabulary Text AEnglish language for academic purposeDefine the following termsbalance of powersoft powerpower capacityhard powerrealistsrealpolitikcoercive diplomacynational willpo

20、werUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power CollocationsText AEnglish language for academic purposehuman natureremain at the heart ofbe akin toa case in pointpositive/negative incentivesin declinea kiss of deathmake concessionsbe skeptical of Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Signpost languageT

21、ext AEnglish language for academic purposeSummarizing/Concluding some expressions may be used to summarize or conclude talks or writing.e.g.To sum up/summarize/conclude The main points In short In conclusion On the whole In sum In summaryDo the task on page 162.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Powe

22、r Text A2English language for academic purposeFormal EnglishDo Task 3 on page 162.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ACritical reading and thinkingTask 1 Text A draws on classification and definition to discuss the characteristics of power.Complete the following tree diagram about the char

23、acteristics of power according to the text.Suggested answersAsset vs.goalCharacteristics of powerIssue:Is power the more the better?Power is an asset thatcan be applied to_.Power is a goalas countries_sufficient power to_.help countriestry to seekUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power achieve goals

24、pursue national goalsText ACritical reading and thinkingTask 1 Text A draws on classification and definition to discuss the characteristics of power.Complete the following tree diagram about the characteristics of power according to the text.Suggested answersHard power vs.soft powerCharacteristics o

25、f powerIssue:_?Hard power is tangible because it is easier toobserve _.Soft power can bepotent point because ithas the ability to_.the resultattract othersUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Which is more desirableText ACritical reading and thinkingTask 2 Decide whether the following statements

26、are true(T)or false(F)according to the text.Suggested answers1 In the end those who have the greatest hard power will gain the upper hand in any conflicts.2 Power is normally associated with being tough and hard.3 We can compare power to money because like money it can be used to obtain what we desi

27、re.4 The more power a country has,the better it will become.FTTFUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ACritical reading and thinkingTask 2 Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)according to the text.Suggested answers5 Soft power can enable a country to have it her way.

28、6 Realists do not believe in soft power.7 Iraqi war demonstrated soft power.8 President Bush does not believe in soft power.TTFTUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text ACritical reading and thinkingTask 3 One kind of interpretation of power is that hard power is more concerned with economic and

29、 military might while soft power is more about values and culture.Work in pairs and discuss what the soft power of the following countries are.Suggested answers1 The U.S.:American fast food,high technology,Hollywood blockbusters 2 The U.K.:English literature,the royal family3 China:Chinese tradition

30、s and culture,Confucius InstituteUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Language building-upText ASuggested answersTask 1 Specialized vocabulary1Match the words and expressions in Column A with their definitions in Column B.Column AColumn B1.balance of powera.a concept that describes the degree of

31、equilibrium(balance)or disequilibrium(imbalance)of power in the global or regional system2.soft powerb.the use of treats or force as a diplomatic tactic3.power capacityc.assets that can be used negatively as a treat or a sanction,or positively as an inducement by one country to shape the behavior of

32、 another country4.hard powerd.analysts who believe that countries operate in their own self-interests and that politics is a struggle for powerfacgUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Language building-upText ASuggested answersTask 1 Specialized vocabulary1Match the words and expressions in Colum

33、n A with their definitions in Column B.Column AColumn B5 realistse.operating according to the belief that politics is based on the pursuit,possession,and application of power6 realpolitikf.traits of a country that attract other countries to emulate it or otherwise follow its lead through the power o

34、f example7 coercive diplomacyg.the sum of a countrys power assets that determine its potential for exercising international power8 national willpowerh.the willingness of a country to use its power capacity to influence global eventsedhbUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Language building-upText

35、 ASuggested answersTask 2 Signpost language2 Translate the following sentences into English using the expressions in the above box.To conclude,I wish the summit a complete success.We hope,in short,to bring theory and practice together.To sum up/to summarise/in summary/there is no clear1 总之，这个案件没有确凿的

36、证据。总之，这个案件没有确凿的证据。_2 最后，我预祝峰会圆满成功。最后，我预祝峰会圆满成功。_3 简而言之，我们希望能将理论与实践结合起来。简而言之，我们希望能将理论与实践结合起来。_Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power evidence of this case.Language building-upText ASuggested answersTask 2 Signpost language2Translate the following sentences into English using the expressions in the a

37、bove box.On the whole,it has been a successful year.Now,let me recap the main points.4 总的来说，这是成功的一年。总的来说，这是成功的一年。_5 现在我总结一下要点。现在我总结一下要点。_Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Language building-upText ASuggested answersTask 3 Formal English2Replace the underlined words and expressions in the follow

38、ing sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.1 When the goals and interest of states conflict,which side will gain control is often decided by who has the most power.key:2 Power in common usage carries the meaning of“hit-over-the-head”or“make you”capabilities key:3 Power can be based on posit

39、ive persuasion as well as negative coercion.In fact,power has many forms.key:4 Military muscle,wealth,and some others are fairly obvious and easy to feel.key:prevailconnotationIndeedUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power tangibleLanguage building-upText ASuggested answersTask 3 Formal English2Repla

40、ce the underlined words and expressions in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.5 We seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and something that might happen unexpectedly.key:6 The fact that power has two sides,both as an asset and a goa

41、l creates a debate over whether more is always better.key:7 Other countries admiring its values,imitating its example,aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness want to follow it.key:8 Countries follow other countries lead because they share the same interests,not because of altruistic feeling

42、s such as admiration.key:contingenciesduality of poweremulatingsentimentsUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text BCritical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purposeUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text BCritical thinking and reading What is smart power?the combina

43、tion of hard and soft powerText AnalysisUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text BCritical thinking and readingSerious decline in American attractiveness in Europe,Latin America and the Islamic world.(Find examples in Paras.3-6.)Robert Gates suggestion:commit more money and effort to soft-power

44、tools,because military alone cannot defend U.S.interests.Text AnalysisAmerican soft power is in decline.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text BCritical thinking and reading Can U.S.reclaim“smart power”?The authors view:Yes,America can become a smart America by again investing in global public

45、 goods,providing things people and governments of the world want.(Paras.9-11)Text AnalysisUnit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Refer to Text C on page 168 and get more information about hard power and soft power.Text BDifficult sentencesThe effects of the 9/11 terrorist attacks threw America off

46、course.(Para.8)The terrible suffering of the 9/11 terrorist attacks took Americans by surprise.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Style also matters.(Para.10)The way how things are done also matters.Text BCritical reading and thinkingSuggested answersTask 1 Work in pairs and discuss the followi

47、ng questions.1 According to the text,what is smart power?2 How is smart power different from soft power and hard power?Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Text BCritical reading and thinkingSuggested answersTask 2 Work in pairs.Compare Text A with Text B and see how you might answer the above qu

48、estions for each text.Decide which one has a more neutral tone.Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power Reading criticallyEvery text is written for a purpose,some are supposed to make you believe.It is important to learn to read critically to get the point.One way of training critical reading is to a

49、sk yourself the following questions:What is the author trying to prove?What is the author assuming I will agree with?Do I agree with the author?Does the author adequately defend his or her argument?What kind of proof does the author use?Is there something the author leaves out that I would put in?Do

50、es putting it in hurt the authors argument?Text B ResearchingSuggested answersTask The American dream used to reflect the soft power of the country.With the rise of China,some foreign media began to talk about a“Chinese dream”.Conduct a survey on the campus about the Chinese dream.You may ask:1 Have